Journal of Musculoskeletal Trauma

Risk Factors of Fixation Failure in Femoral Neck Fractures: Sung Hyun Yoon, Kyu Beom Kim, Hyung Jun Lee, Kyung Wook Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2023;36(4):118-124. Published online October 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2023.36.4.118

Abstract PDF: Purpose
Internal fixation after a femoral neck fracture (FNF) is one of the conventional treatment options for the young and active elderly patients. However, fixation failure of internal fixation is a probable complication. The treatment of fixation failure after a primary internal fixation of the FNF remains a challenge.
Materials and Methods
Between July 2002 and March 2017, 83 patients who underwent internal fixation after FNF were retrospectively analyzed. Radiological assessments, including Pauwels’ angle, fracture level, reduction quality, and bone union, were measured, preoperatively and postoperatively. Moreover, intraoperative variables such as time to surgery, surgical time, and estimated blood loss were also evaluated.
Results
The patients were divided into the fixation failure and the non-failure groups. Among the 83 patients, 17 cases (20.5%) of fixation failure after the primary internal fixation of the FNF were identi-fied. When comparing the two groups according to the radiographic data, Pauwels’ angle and the reduction quality based on Garden’s angle showed significant differences (p<0.001). Moreover, when comparing the intraoperative variables, unlike the surgical time and estimated blood loss, significant differences were noted in the time interval from injury to surgery and specifically in whether the surgery was performed within 12 hours after injury (p<0.001).
Conclusion
Pauwels’ angle, reduction quality, and time to surgery are the major factors that can predict the possibility of internal fixation failure of the FNF. Early and accurate anatomical reduction is needed to decrease complications after the internal fixation of the FNF.

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Clinical Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Surgery in Sanders Type IV Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures: Jun Young Lee, Hyunwoong Jang, Young Wook Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2019;32(4):181-187. Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2019.32.4.181

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study evaluated the radiologic and clinical results in patients who underwent minimal invasive surgery using sinus tarsi approach in Sanders type IV calcaneal fracture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective study evaluated 13 cases of Sanders type IV calcaneus fractures that were treated by minimal invasive surgery using the sinus tarsi approach from July 2012 to April 2017. Further, these cases could be followed up for more than 12 months. Bone union, radiologic parameters such as BÃ¶hler's angle, Gissane's angle, calcaneal height, length, and width, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, and the postoperative complications were evaluated.
RESULTS
Bony union was achieved in all the cases at the final follow up, and the mean union time was 5.5 months. One patient underwent reoperation for a surgical site infection, six patients had post traumatic arthritis, and two of them underwent subtalar joint fusion. The mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 81.2. At the final follow-up, the mean values of BÃ¶hler's angle and Gissane's angle were 20Â° and 119.8Â°, respectively, and the mean values of the calcaneus height, length, and width were 46.8 mm, 81.8 mm, and 45.6 mm, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Minimal invasive surgery using the sinus tarsi approach for Sanders type IV calcaneal fracture resulted in satisfactory anatomic reduction and stable fixation, and satisfactory clinical and radiologic results were obtained in most of the patients. Minimal invasive surgery is thought to reduce the soft tissue-related complications as compared to surgery using the extensile lateral approach.

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Evaluation of the Wearing Characteristics of Hip Protectors Based on Draping Pattern Design and Body Shape in Korean Elderly People: Eunjin Jeon, Heeeun Kim, Heecheon You, Seunghoon Lee, Giwook Kim, Sunjung Yoon; J Korean Fract Soc 2017;30(4):180-185. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2017.30.4.180

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to verify the new hip protector design with respect to the comfort and mobility. The new hip protector was developed based on a pattern of draping and body shape of Korean elderly individuals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An wearing characteristics evaluation was conducted on 101 elderly women wearing hip protector using a questionnaire of preference and ease of wearing. Hip protectors, with existing and newly developed belt and underwear types, which were previously preferred by the Korean elderly, were evaluated.
RESULTS
The newly developed belt type (65.0%) and newly developed underwear type (30.1%) hip protectors were preferred to the existing type (3.9%) and existing underwear type (1.0%) ones. The convenience of the newly developed belt type was greater than 4 out of 5 points (1 for strongly disagree and 5 for strongly agree) for all nine measures, including fit, allowance, mobility, pad placement, pad thickness, pad size, material, design, ease of dressing, and ease of undressing. The newly developed hip protectors showed less discomfort than the existing ones. In particular, the newly developed belt type and developed underwear type improved sitting convenience by 31.1% and 26.1%, respectively, compared with the existing ones.
CONCLUSION
The hip protectors developed in the present study is expected to provide better fit for the body shape of Korean elderly individuals and prevent hip fracture due to fall.

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Development and Evaluation of Fall Impact Protective Clothing for the Elderly Women
Jung Hyun Park, Jin Suk Lee, Jeong Ran Lee
Fashion & Textile Research Journal.2018; 20(5): 569. CrossRef
Development and Evaluation of Fall Impact Protection Pad
Jung Hyun Park, Jin Suk Lee, Jeong Ran Lee
Fashion & Textile Research Journal.2018; 20(4): 422. CrossRef

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Results of Use of Compression Hip Screw with Trochanter Stabilizing Plate for Reverse Oblique Intertrochanteric Fracture: Byung Woo Min, Kyung Jae Lee, Gyo Wook Kim, Ki Cheor Bae, Si Wook Lee, Du Han Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2014;27(2):120-126. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2014.27.2.120

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to analyze the use of a compression hip screw with a trochanter stabilizing plate for treatment of reverse oblique intertrochanteric fractures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed the results of 33 cases of reverse oblique intertrochanteric fracture treated with a compression hip screw with a trochanter stabilizing plate from January 2000 to December 2012 which were followed-up for more than one year. We evaluated postoperative bone union period, change of neck-shaft angle, sliding of hip screw, and other complications.
RESULTS
Of 33 patients, satisfactory reduction was achieved in 28 patients. Five patients had an unsatisfactory reduction, with two cases of excessive screw sliding, one of broken metal, one of varus deformity, and one of internal rotation deformity. We performed corrective osteotomy in varus and internal rotation deformity and partial hip replacement in a case of excessive screw sliding. Bone union was achieved in 29 patients, and the average bone union period was 19.2 weeks.
CONCLUSION
We consider that a compression hip screw with a trochanteric stabilized plate is a good option for treatment of reverse oblique intertrochanteric femoral fractures. However, adequate fracture reduction and ideal implant placement are a basic necessity for successful treatment.

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Complications of Pelvic Ring Injury: Byung Woo Min, Kyung Jae Lee, Gyo Wook Kim, Doohyun Kwon; J Korean Fract Soc 2013;26(4):348-353. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2013.26.4.348

Abstract PDF

No abstract available.

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Simultaneous Surgery on Jejunum perforation with Pelvic Ring Fracture: A Case Report
HoeJeong Chung, Keum-Seok Bae, Seong-yup Kim, Doosup Kim
Journal of Trauma and Injury.2016; 29(2): 56. CrossRef

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Intramedullary Nailing for Complex Fractures of the Proximal and Midshaft of the Humerus: Chul Hyun Cho, Gu Hee Jung, Kyo Wook Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2011;24(3):237-242. Published online July 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2011.24.3.237

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the results of antegrade interlocking intramedullary nailing for complex fractures of the proximal and midshaft of the humerus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiologic results in 11 cases, which were treated by antegrade interlocking intramedullary nail. We assessed clinical outcomes according to ASES scoring system and radiological result.
RESULTS
All cases had bony union and the mean union period was 14.7 weeks. Postoperative complications were 1 loss of fixation, 2 proximal protrusion of nail and 2 temporary shoulder pain. A case with loss of fixation was treated open reduction and refixation and had union at 14 weeks postoperatively. The mean ASES score was 85.9 and the clinical outcomes were 4 excellent, 5 good, 1 fair and 1 poor.
CONCLUSION
Intramedullary nailing for complex fractures of the proximal and midshaft of the humerus can offer a reliable treatment option.

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Combined Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Palsy Associated with Acetabular Fracture and Dislocation: A Case Report: Ki Chul Park, Kang Wook Kim, Young Ho Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2005;18(3):341-344. Published online July 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2005.18.3.341

Abstract PDF

Sciatic nerve palsy is the most common nerve injury associated with acetabular fracture and dislocation, but femoral nerve injury is known to be very rare because of relative protected position of nerve between the iliacus and psoas muscle, and as far as we know only one report was noted in English about combined femoral and sciatic nerve injury associated with acetabular fracture and dislocation, so we hereby report a case of combined femoral and sciatic nerve palsy associated with acetabular fracture and dislocation.

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Effects of Unilateral Sciatic Nerve Injury on Unaffected Hindlimb Muscles of Rats
Jin Il Kim, Myoung-Ae Choe
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(3): 393. CrossRef

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Effect of Alternative Splinting at Extension and 90degrees Flexion on Range of Motion after Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Distal Femur Fracture: Chong Kwan Kim, Jong Ho Yoon, Byung Woo Ahn, Chin Woo Jin, Dong Wook Kim, Young Il Kwan, Young Ho Lee; J Korean Fract Soc 2005;18(2):144-148. Published online April 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2005.18.2.144

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
To evaluate the usefulness of early range of motion exercise by using 90degrees knee flexion splint after open reduction and internal fixation in fracture of distal femur.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed twenty-six cases of distal femur fractures which were treated with open reduction and internal fixation from February 2002 to November 2003. One group (group A) were treated by using 30degrees knee flexion splint, the other group (group B) were treated by using 90degrees flexion and full extension splint alternativley by post-operative 1 week. The follow up period was minimally 12 months. The range of motion and Schatzker and Lambert criteria were evaluated.
RESULTS
The mean period to gain 90degrees knee flexion was 11.4 (7~14) weeks in group A, and 6.6 (3~8) weeks in group B. Mean range of motion was 94.7degrees (average flexion contracture 9.5degrees ) in A group and 108.7degrees (average flexion contracture 6.3degrees ) in B group at 12 weeks follow-up. According to Schatzker and Lambert criteria, excellent result was achieved in 10 cases (38%), good result in 13 cases (50%), fair result in 3 cases (12%).
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that alternative splinting at extension and 90degrees flexion contribute to early recovery of range of motion in distal femur fractures treated with internal fixation.

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Treatment of Femur Supracondylar Fracture with Locking Compression Plate
Seong Ho Bae, Seung Han Cha, Jeung Tak Suh
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2010; 23(3): 282. CrossRef

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Intramedullary K-wire Fixation for Displaced Fracture of Distal Radius: Byung Woo Ahn, Chong Kwan Kim, Jong Youl Lee, Chae Ik Chung, Jong Ho Yoon, Young Min Kim, Jin Woo Jin, Kang Hoon Kim, Guk Sang Chung, Dong Wook Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2005;18(1):54-59. Published online January 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2005.18.1.54

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate indications and effectiveness of intramedullary K-wire fixation for distal radial fractures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty one fractures of distal radius treated with intramedullary K-wire fixation from April 2001 to September 2002 were evaluated. The mean age was 67.8(range 46~82). Severely comminuted intra-articular fractures and Barton's fractures were excluded. One or two K-wires were added percutaneously. To assess the functional result, we used Green and O'Brien score system. The radiographic assessment included a scoring system based on measurements of radial length, radial inclination, volar tilt and step-off of the radial articular surface.
RESULTS
Average follow up period was 13.5 months. In functional result, excellent and good result were obtained in 18 cases (86%). In radiologic result, mean loss of radial length, radial inclination and volar tilt were 0.9 mm, 1.4degrees, 0.9degrees, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The advantages of intramedullary K-wire fixation were relatively simple procedure, low occurrence of soft tissue complications and early wrist motion. Intramedullary K-wire fixation was good to maintaining reduction in osteoporotic bone.

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Surgical treatment using external fixator for unstable intra-articular fracture of distal radius: Chul Hong Kim, Byeong Hwan Kim, Sung Won Lee, Wook Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2003;16(1):83-90. Published online January 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2003.16.1.83

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To analyze the results of surgical treatment using external fixator for unstable intra-articular fracture of distal radius. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated 38 cases of distal radius fracture from Mar. 1990 to Dec. 2000. The patients were followed up for average 18 months postoperatively. We compared the results of 22 cases, treated with open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF) to the results of 16 cases, treated with ORIF and external fixation. We evaluated the results of the mean loss of radial length, radial inclination, volar tilt and traumatic arthritis according to demerit point rating system above the Fernandez classification IV.
RESULTS
According to demerit point rating system, excellent to good results were obtained in 72.7% at ORIF and external fixator, compared to 43.8% at case of ORIF only. In the last follow up, the mean loss of radial length was 0.6mm in case of ORIF, but 0.4 mm in case of ORIF and external fixator, the mean loss of radial inclination was 2.3 and 1.5 degrees, the mean loss of volar tilt was 2.5 and 2.2 degrees, respectively (p < 0.05). Postoperative complications were developed in 9 cases. Malunion was in 4 cases of ORIF and external fixator, in 2 cases of ORIF. Metacarpal bone fracture was in 1 case of ORIF and external fixation. Traumatic arthritis was in 2 cases of ORIF.
CONCLUSION
Open reduction and internal fixation combined with external fixation was thought to be a better method than open reduction and internal fixation for the treatment of unstable intra-articular fractures of the distal radius of the Fernandez classification IV and IV, because that was more comfortable and convenient to patients and was useful to prevent late displacement.

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The Efficacy of Dynamization of Static Interlocking Intramedullary Nailing as A Trial Leading to Bony Union of Femur Shaft Fracture: Byung Soon Kim, Duck Yeon Cho, Hyung Ku Yoon, Soo Hong Han, Jin Yong Kim, Yong Wook Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2002;15(2):138-145. Published online April 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2002.15.2.138

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the efficacy of dynamization of static interlocking intramedullary nailing as a trial leading to bony union of femur shaft fracture, delayed union of femur shaft fracture underwent dynamization were investigated. MATERIALS & METHODS: Between april 1995 and December 2000, 162 patients were treated static interlocking intramedullary nailing, 14 patients were selected who had underwent dynamization. The average age was 39 years old (range 24 to 61), they were 11 men and 3 women. The type of fractures were two communited, seven segmental and five simple fractures. Dynamization were done by removal of proximal or distal interlocking screw. We defined complete bony union as radiological and clinical bony union. Also we measured leg length discrepancy and angulation by radiologic parameters.
RESULTS
Of the 14 patients who showed delayed union, 7 patients were noted successful bony union by dynamization, and of the 7 patients who failed union by dynamization, 6 patients were noted bony union by supportive operative treatments(bone graft : 4 patients, nail exchanging : 1 patient, both method 1 patient). One patient was seen nonunion state because of patient's refusal of treatment. 7 patients who were noted successful bony union by dynamization had 2 degrees~6 degrees(average 4.14 degrees) varus-valgus angulation and 4 degrees~9 degrees(average 6 degrees) AP angulation, and 3 of the 7 patients showed leg length discrepancy(LLD) greater than 2 cm. The other 7 patients had 2 degrees~5 degrees(average 3.57 degrees) varus-valgus angulation and 3 degrees~7 degrees(average 5 degrees) AP angulation, and 2 of the 7 patients showed LLD greater than 2cm. Of the 14 patients, 5 patients showed limping.
CONCLUSION
Dynamization of intramedullary nainling is a simple and valuable method for improving bony union of femur shaft fracture in the case of delayed union. But if the delayed unions are seen due to large bone defect, supportive operative treatments (bone graft, nail exchanging etc.) to avoid significant complica-tion(shortening and angulation) is needed.

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Treatment of Humeral Shaft Nonunion after Primary Internal Fixation: Jong Oh Kim, Yeo Hon Yun, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Ko, Jae Doo Yoo, Jin Won Jung; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(2):236-244. Published online April 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.2.236

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the methods of treatment to obtain rigid fixation for nonunion of humerus shaft fractures developed after operative treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From January 1993 to January 2000, twenty-one patients of nonunion of humerus shaft after primary internal fixation were reviewed and the results were analyzed. Three cases who have loss of follow-up were excluded.
RESULTS
In twenty-one cases, nineteen had union but, two cases have failed. In the group of compression plate fixation and bone graft, bone union was completed at mean 4.4 months, in the group of IM nailing and bone graft at 4.9 months, in case of bone graft only with state of IM nailing at 5.5 months. Mean time until bone union was 4.6 months.
CONCLUSION
Distraction should be avoided during IM nailing at primary internal fixation. Secondly, To obtain rigid fixation in nonunion of humerus shaft after primary internal fixation, use larger and more broad plate, dual plate or IM nail.

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Evaluation of Radiological Results After Closed Reduction in Colles` Fracture: Jong Oh Kim, Yo Hun Yun, Dong Wook Kim, Yong Do Koh, Jae Doo Yoo, Jin Chang; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(1):113-120. Published online January 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.1.113

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study is to evaluate the radiologic results after close reduction for the distal radius fractures that were reduced. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From March 1996 to Feburary 1999, thirty-four patients with distal radius fracture were treated with close reduction and cast immobilizationat at Ewha Womans University Hospital. The radiograph were taken after reduction and at 3days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks. Three parametersof the radiograph were measured.; radial inclination, palmar angulation and radial shortening. The radiological results were estimated by the criteria of Sarmiento.
RESULTS
In 34 patients, type I were 10 cases, type II were 15 cases, type III were 6 cases, type IV-A were 3 cases by the Universal classification. The average value of the radiologic parameters after reduction were followings s; radial inclination(RI) 18.2Â°, palmar angulation(PA) 9.3Â° and radial shortening(RS) 1.8mm in type I. RA 17.2Â°. PA 8.4Â° and RS 2.0mm in type II. RI 16.5Â°, PA 8.0Â°, RS 2.5mm in type III. RI 14.9Â°, PA 7.7Â°, RS 3.5mm in type IV. At 6weeks after reduction, RI 17.8Â°, PA 9.2Â° and RS 2.1mm in type I. RA 16.7Â°, PA 7.6Â° and RS 2.6mm in type II, RI 15.4Â°, PA 7.0Â°, RS 4.0mm in type III. RI 13.3Â°, PA 6.2Â°, RS 5.2mm in type IV.
CONCLUSION
Loss of reduction after close reduction with cast immobilization for type III and IV were occurred more frequtently than type I and II.

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Redisplacement of Distal Radius Fracture after Initial Closed Reduction: Analysis of Prognostic Factors
Ho-Wook Jung, Hanpyo Hong, Hong Jun Jung, Jin Sam Kim, Ho Youn Park, Kun Hyung Bae, In-Ho Jeon
Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery.2015; 7(3): 377. CrossRef

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Operative Treatment of Acetabular Fractures: Jong Oh Kim, Yo Hun Yun, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Jae Doo Yoo, Hyoung Jin Jeong, Yi Kyoung Shin; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(4):761-770. Published online October 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.4.761

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
We reviewed 47 cases of acetabular fractures which was treated operatively, to review the clinical results of operative treatment of acetabular fractures considering the experience of a surgeon, to assess the relationship between the quality of the operative reduction and the clinical results.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed 47 cases of acetabular fractures which was treated operatively from September 1993 to December 1999 and follow up more than 1 year. And we analyzed retrospectively the data in the aspect of the relationships between the radiologic evaluation of the reduction and the clinical results, and we reviewed the initial 20 cases as a group I and the later 27 cases as a group II to compare the differences of clinical results of the two groups.
RESULTS
In the accuracy of reduction, anatomical reductions were 4 hips in the group I and 13 in the group II, satisfactory 7 hips in the group I and 9 hips in the group II, unsatisfactory 9 hips in the group I and 5 hips in the group II. We assess the over-all clinical result with the criteria of Merle d'Aubigne and Postel. In the group I, 20 hips, the clinical result was excellent for 3 hips(15%), good for 6 hips(30%), fair for 5 hips(25%), and poor for 6(30%) hips. In the group II, 27 hips, the clinical result was excellent for 11 hips(41%), good for 8 hips(30%), fair for 5 hips(18%), and poor for 3(11%).
CONCLUSION
The accuracy of reduction was closely related to the clinical results. And the more a surgeon getting experienced, the better accurate reduction and clinical results were possible.

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Radiologic Follow-up Results of Distraction After Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures using External Fixator: Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Jae Doo Yoo, Kyoung Soo Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(4):988-994. Published online October 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.4.988

Abstract PDF: External fixation for severe fractures of the distal radius is accepted treatment offering the potential advantages of controlled distraction, accurate positioning of fracture fragments, and avoidance of extensive open procedures. One of the limitation of external fixation for distal radius fractures is excessive distraction, which affect the outcome. This study was conducted to evaluate the changes of the distraction of the intercarpal and radiocarpal joint, developed after treatment of distal radius fractures with external fixator. Restrospective study was done for 28 paitents, who were evaluated by chart review, questionnaire, radiograph, and physical examination. The carpal height ratio, radial inclination, velar tilt, radial length were measured in the postoperative and follow-up radiographs. The carpal height ratio was used to quantify the distraction. Functional evaluation was performed with Demerit-Point system described by Garthland and Werley. Five fractures had an excellent results, 16 had a good results, 4 had a fair results, and 3 had poor results. After union, average radial inclination was 21.3 degree, average dorsal angulation was -0.5 degree, and radial shortening was 1mm. Increased carpal height ratio of the 9 cases did not decrease to less than 0.56 at one year after operation. The over-distraction of intercarpal and radiocarpal joint developed after external fixation of the distal radius fracture, did not have decreased in the one year follow-up radiographs after operation. The over- distraction should be avoided intraoperativly.

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Brooker Intramedually Nailing for the Treatment of Distal 1/3 Tibial Fractures with Compromised Soft Tissue: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Yeo Hon Yun, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Jae Doo Yoo, Jong Keon Oh, Ki Woong Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(4):924-931. Published online October 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.4.924

Abstract PDF: The treatment of distal tibial fractures with compromised soft tissue poses many problems that usually occurs from the high-energy trauma, and the results are often unsatisfactory following lots of complications like loss of reduction, malunion, and inlection. We studied to evaluate the treatment results of Brooker intramedually nailing for the distal 1/3 tibial fractures with compromised soft tissue. Twenty-three cases of distal tibial fractures with comprolnised soft tissue were reviewed and we analyzed the results of surgical treatment in the viewpoint of union time, loss of reduction, malunion, complication and its final outcome. The range of follow-up was 24 months to 38 months with mean 29 months follow-up. Most of patients were between twenty and sixty years, and average age was 43.2 years. Acording to Gustilo and Andersons classification, 3 were Type I, 2 were Type II of 5 open fractures. According to Tschernes classification, 13 were Grade I, 5 were Grade II of 18 closed fractures. The average to union was 15 weeks with range 11 to 20 weeks. The healing was slowest in Tschernes Type II and fastest in Tschernes Type I fracture. There were 3 cases of malunion, more than 5 degrees. All of the 3 cases were posterior angulation. Only 1 case was the loss of reduction. This case was 3 to 10 degrees of varus angulation. There were 3 cases of superficial infection. The infection was controlled with antibiotic therapy. Only 1 case was acceptable of the final outcome. This case waf limping gait because of pain and loss of ankle dorsiflexion to 15 degrees. But, the limitation of ordinary work was not seen. And 18 cases were excellent and 4 cases were good. We recommand that wherever possible, Brooker intramedually nailing can be used for distal tibial fractures with compromised soft tissue. And a high rate of union and a low rate of complication can be expected with thit treatment modality.

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The prognostic factors in Tongue shaped calcaneal fractures treated by Essex-Lopresti method: Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Jae Doo Yoo, Dong Wook Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(2):328-334. Published online April 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.2.328

Abstract PDF: There is a great difference in opinion regarding the treatment of intraarticular fractures of the calcaneus. In Essex-Lopresti method, a heavy Steinmann pin is introduced into the cancellous part of tongue fragment and the fracture is reduced by lifting the fragment by the level effect of the Steinmann pin. The authors had treated 38 cases in 36 patients with displaced intraarticular tongue shaped fractures using Essex-Lopresti axial fixation at our hospital from 1993 to 1997. We obtained the following results. 1. Of 36 patients, 31 patients were male and 5 female 2. The main cause of fractures were fall from height in 86 percent of cases and spine injury was associated in 8 cases(22%). 3. The favorable result was obtained in 29 cases(76%). 4. The poor prognostic factors in functional outcome were old age, comminution of fracture, osteoporosis and the loss of correction in B.. ohler angle at postoperative and follow up Xrays.

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Results and Problems of open Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fracture: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Jae Doo You, Kyoung Soo Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(1):28-34. Published online January 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.1.28

Abstract PDF: The intramedullary nailing is one of the most available methods in treatment of femoral shaft fracture. The closed intramedullary nailing is known to be the best method of treatment of femur shaft fracture, but it is not always available in cases of deficit of equipment, severe associated injury, and some fracture pattern. The open intramedullary nailing has advantage of easily obtaining anatomical reduction but it increases the risk of infection, the incidence of delayed union and additional operations inevitably. We reviewed 33 cases of open intramedullary nailing in femur shaft fracture from September 1994 to September 1997. The results were as follows : 1. The average union time was 27.3 weeks. 2. Location of fractures was middle one-thirds in most cases, and Winquist-Hansen classification type II was the most common. 3. The complication included 8 delayed unions, 3 nonunions, 2 infections, shortening of more than two centimeters in 3 patients. 4. In 4 cases, we did open intramedullary nailing with bone graft initially, but all of them has complication as delayed union and nonunion. We can use open intramedullary nailing method in some femur shaft fractures, but there are many problems and complications. So we must consider it carefully before using this method.

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Checkrein deformity of the lesser toes following comminuted fracture of calcaneus : A Case Report: Hee Kwon, Dong Wook Kim, Dong Jin Kim, Chi Soo Sohn, Joon Min Song, Soo Kyoon Rah; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(4):806-810. Published online October 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.4.806

Abstract PDF

Checkrein deformity of the great toe may occur after fracture of the distal third of tibia. It is due to adhesion of flexor hallucis longus muscle to callus. Charachteristic finding is shaply flexed great toe at ankle dorsiflexion and complete interphalangeal joint extension at ankle plantar flexion. We experienced a patient who had severe flexion deformity on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th toe and diagnosed as checkrein deformity of the lesser toes arised from calcaneal fracture. We can't find any report of checkrein deformity after fracture of calcaneus and we think this is very rare case. In operative field, we found fibrous contracture of quadratus plantae muscle which was adhered to flexor digitorum longus tendon. And we performed tenolysis, adhesiolysis and flexor digitorum longus tendon lengthening. 11 months after operation the patient showed excellent result with correction of the deformity.

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Dynamic Positional Deformity of the Hallux
Byung-Ki Cho, Yong-Min Kim, Dong-Soo Kim, Eui-Sung Choi, Ji-Kang Park, Jung-Wook Oh
The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery.2014; 53(6): 791. CrossRef
Checkrein Deformity by Incarcerated Posterior Tibial Tendon and Displaced Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon following Ankle Dislocation - A Case Report -
Su-Young Bae, Hyung-Jin Chung, Man-Young Kim
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(3): 271. CrossRef

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Treatment of Intraarticular Calcaneal Fractures using Ilizarov Exteranl Fixation: Byeong Yeon Seong, Dong Seong Park, Seung Jun Park, Sang Wook Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(3):591-596. Published online July 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.3.591

Abstract PDF

Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is gaining in popularity as method of choice for the treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fracture since diagnosis and classification of computed tomography have become routine. But early weight-bearing cannot be allowed by convertional ORIF, and delayed weight-bearing may contributed to heel had pain and dystrophy. We performed combined technique of limited internal fixation and Ilizrov external fixation to ten-cases of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures, between February 1994 and February 1996. The follow-up period in this study was at least two years. This method can provide not only anatomical reduction, but also stable fixation. None of patients complained of heel pad pain, which was attributed to the desensitization of the heel by early weight-bearing. None of patients went on to late collapse of the posterior facet. clinical results were rated as excellent in six, good in three, and fair in one case. Pin-track infection, complicated operative technique, cumbersomeness and expensiveness of the external fixator itself were shortcomings of this method. We consider this method as one of options for the treatment of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fracture.

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A Comparison of Extensile Lateral Approach and Sinus Tarsi Approach for the Sanders Type II Calcaneal Fracture
Jeong-Seok Moon, Woo-Chun Lee
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(1): 13. CrossRef

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Operative Results in AO Type C3 of Tibial Pilon Fracture: Limited Internal Fixation and Hybrid External Fixation: Byeong Yeon Seong, dong Seong Park, seung Jun Park, Sang Wook Kim, Taek Geon Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(3):576-584. Published online July 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.3.576

Abstract PDF: The intraarticular fractures of the distal tibia has been the most difficult problem due to severe comminution of itself, little bone mass and poor circulation of soft tissue. Recently limited internal fixation with hybrid external fixation has been reported to provide a good clinical results for the severely commnuted or open pilon fractures as a AO type C3. From February 1994 to February 1996, the authors analyzed the clincal and radiological results of 2 year follow-up in 7 cases of the AO type C3 pilon fractures who were treated with combination of limited internal fixation and hybrid externalfixation. 6 cases had good or excellent clinical and radiological results without any serious complications such as skin sloughs, skin infection, malunion and nonunion, but one case had a nonunion who were treated with internal fixation and autogenous iliac bone graft. We believe that the combination of limited internal fixation and hybrid external fixation that does not cross the ankle joint, provides the good clinical results in AO type C3 pilon fractures by early ankle joint motion.

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Treatment of Type IIIB Open Tibial Shaft Fractures: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Doo Koh, Jae Doo You, Jong Keon Oh, Young Seuk Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(3):560-566. Published online July 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.3.560

Abstract PDF

In general, severe open fractures of the tibial shaft have been treated initially with external fixation. However, despite many refinements in this technique, it has been associated with numerous complications, including problems at the sites of pins, non-union, delayed union, malunion, and infection. The purpose of this retrospective study is to analyze the results in a consecutive series of patients. There were 8 males and 2 females with an average age of the 44.9 years(range, 26-64 years). The mean follow up period was 23.2 nibtgs(range, 34-120 days). Free flap procedures were performed on all patients. The average time between removal of the fixator and intramedullary nailing was 16.5 days(range, 11-26 days). Indication of conversion to nailing was abscence of any serous discharge, reddness or local heating around pin-sites and normal renge of laboratory data. All 10 fractures had united with additional bone graft in 7 cases. The most frequent complications were delayed union in 7 cases and infection(superficial infection: 6 cases, osteomyelitis: 1 case) after IM nailing. We concluded that pin-tract infection is the major cause of infection after IM nail, but duration of external fixation and time interval(between removal of external fixator and nailing) are not isolated factors.

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Study on Instant Fish Cake Noodle Manufacturing Techniques Using Ultra-fine Powdered Kelp
Yoo-Jin Park, Se-Jong Kim, Myung-Ryun Han, Moon-Jeong Chang, Myung-Hwan Kim
Food Engineering Progress.2019; 23(3): 217. CrossRef
Treatment of Type IIIb Open Tibial Fractures
Seong Yeon Lim, Il Jae Lee, Jae Ho Joe, Hyung Keun Song
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2014; 27(4): 267. CrossRef

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The Results and Complications After Treatment of Open Tibia Fractures in Children: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Ho Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Gho, Jae Doo You, Jin Chang; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(2):464-470. Published online April 30, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.2.464

Abstract PDF

We describe the results of treatment and complication of open tibial fractures in 44 children. There were 30 males and 14 females with an average age of the 6.7 years(range 3~2 years). The mean follow up period was 15 months(range 1.4~28month). According to the classification of Gustilo et al, Type I were 17 cases, Type II were 13 cases, Type IIIA were 9 cases and Type IIIB were 5 cases. All patient received tetanus prophylaxis, and systemic thirty-four with minimal soft tissue injury were closed primarily. The other 10 were initially left open; of these, 7 wounds were allowed to heal secondarily and 3 larger wounds required split skin grafts. The average time to healing of the fracture was 12.9weeks(range 6.9~22.4weeks). The complication included superficial infection(7%), malunion(5%), delayed union(2%), synostosis(2%), and leg length discrepancy(5%): these incidences are similar to those reported in adult. The osteomyelitis, compartment syndrome, and vascular injury didn't developed at any case. The K-wire fixation of open tibia fractures of the childrens is very useful to prevent the displacement and to care for the openwound without the risk of deep infection.

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Analysis of Treatment Outcomes for Open Fractures of the Tibia in Children
Jong-Hyuk Park, Jung Ryul Kim, Dong Hun Ham, Hyung Suk Lee, Sung Jin Shin
Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2010; 45(6): 440. CrossRef

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The Operative Treatment of the shaft Fractures of the Forearm Bone: Operative Comparison in Intramedullary Fixation to Plate Fixation on Treatment of the Both Forearm Bone Fracture: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Ho Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Gho, Jae Doo You, Jong Keon Oh, Jin Chang; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(1):63-69. Published online January 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.1.63

Abstract PDF

Diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna present high incidence of malunion and nonunion because of difficulty in reduction and maintenence of two mobile, parallel ones in the presence of the pronating and supinating muscles which exert angulatory as well as well as rotational forces. The author divided the traceable patients into two groups, the one was the group treated with AO compression plates and the other one was the roup treated with Rush pin in radius and AO compression plate in ulna, and compared the results in the aspect of healing time and functional results. The results were as follows; 1.Those two groups were demographically similar. 2.The immobilization period and the radiologic bone union time did not differentiate two groups significantly. 3.In plate group, one nonunion, one nerve injury and two superficial wound infection were occurred. 4.Between the two operative methods selected alternatively, immobilization period, radiologic bone union and fuctional results were not different significantly, but the Rush pinning method was preferred due to simple operation technique, small operation scar, short operation time, a little blood loss, a few complication.

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Shaft Fractures of Both Forearm Bones: The Outcomes of Surgical Treatment with Plating Only and Combined Plating and Intramedullary Nailing
Sang Bum Kim, Youn Moo Heo, Jin Woong Yi, Jung Bum Lee, Byoung Gu Lim
Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery.2015; 7(3): 282. CrossRef
Interlocking Intramedullary Nailing of Forearm Shaft Fractures in Adults
Sanglim Lee, Hee-Sung Lee, Yerl-Bo Sung, Jae-Kwang Yum
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(1): 30. CrossRef

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Correction Angular Deformity & Evaluation of Overgrowth for Femoral Shaft Fractures in Children: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Jae Doo You, Seong Man Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(1):123-128. Published online January 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.1.123

Abstract PDF: We reviewed 40 cases of femoral shaft fractures in children treated with Russel traction. The treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children is various according to age. Satisfactory result have been reported with russel traction. At an average follow-up of 30 months, We obtained following results. 1. The average time of traction was 18 days, and hip spica cast was applied for 28 days. 2. Malunion exceeding 25degree in flexion & valgus & varus was not developed. 3. Remodeling of angulation deformities occurred slowly over the duration of the follow-up period in our patients. At the last evaluation no patient was aware that he had any residual angulation but many did have X-ray evidence of an abnormal contour of the femur, that is average rate of spontaneous correction is 83% in anterior angulation, 87% in varus deformities, 88% in valgus deformities. 4. Fracture occurred most commonly in the middle third of the femoral shaft, but overgrowth was the greatest in proximal one third fracture. The average overgrowth was 1.2 cm in length and, growth acceleration was the greatest in oblique fracture and, among the children 4 to 9 years of age, significant overgrth(average 1.2 cm) was seen. 5. Skeletal Russel traction is easy, safe and convenient to treat all femoral shaft fractures of the children between four and ten years old.

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Traumatic Fracture - Dislocation of the Hip: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Sang Hoon Ko, Jae Doo Yoo, Joo Seok Eom, Dong Wook Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(4):772-777. Published online October 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.4.772

Abstract PDF: Traumatic dislocation or fracture-dislocation of the hip is relatively uncommon, but high velocity accidents have increased its incidence in recent years. The purpose of this study was to review the result of the treatment and to evaluate the prognostic factor. We retroprospectively reviewed 28 patients with traumatic fracture-dislocation of the hip between October, 1993 and March, 1996. 21 were males and 7 females. The mean age was 33.5 years(range, 11 to 67 years). Average follow-up was 18 months(range, 13 to 28 months). Exellent or good results were obtained in 19 patients(68%) by the criteria of Epstein. The complications were followings 2 cases of avascular necrosis and 1 case of osteoarthritis. Factors associated with a good prognosis included an early reduction, low level of initial trauma, abscence of associated injury.

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Comparison of Hemiarthroplasty and Compression Hip Screw on Elderly Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Sang Hoon Ko, Ki Woong Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(4):738-745. Published online October 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.4.738

Abstract PDF

Intertrochanteric fractures of the femur usually occur in the elderly and osteoporotic patients. These appear to be increasing in frefuence and are usually unstable. Sixthy two cases were treated ai our hospital from September 1993 through October 1995. 29 elderly patients underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty and 33 patients underwent internal fixation with compression hip screw(C.H.S). The results were as follows ; 1. Functional results according to hip rating scale of Merle D,Aubiigne was superior in bipolar group. 2. The incidence of postoperative complications was much fewer in bipolar group than in compression hip screw group. 3. In casees of definite osteoporosis with Singhs index below 3 and Evans unstable type frartures, the incidence of mechanical complications was increased, especially in compression hip screw group. 4. There was no siginificant difference between 2 groups in operative time and blood loss.

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Fixation of Greater Trochanter Using an AO Trochanteric Reattachment Device (AO TRD) in Arthroplasty for Intertrochanteric Femur Fracture of Elderly Patients
Weon-Yoo Kim, Young-Yul Kim, Jae-Jung Jeong, Do-Joon Kang
Hip & Pelvis.2013; 25(4): 274. CrossRef
Hemiarthroplasty for Hip Fractures in Elderly Patients over 80 Years Old - Comparative Analysis between Femoral Neck Fracture and Intertrochanteric Fracture -
Chae-Hyun Lim, Young-Yool Chung, Jeong-Seok Kim, Chung-Young Kim
Hip & Pelvis.2013; 25(1): 44. CrossRef
Hip Arthroplasty Using Collarless Polished Tapered Stem -Minimum 2 Years Follow-up Results-
Yerl-Bo Sung, Jung-Yun Choi, Su-Chan Oh
Hip & Pelvis.2012; 24(1): 18. CrossRef
Comparison between the Results of Internal Fixation Using Proximal Femur Nail Anti-rotation and Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures of Elderly Patients
Sung-Hwan Kim, Soo-Won Lee, Gyu-Min Kong, Mid-Um JeaGal
Hip & Pelvis.2012; 24(1): 45. CrossRef
Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty for Intertrochanter Fracture in Elderly Patients - Minimum 2-Years Follow-up Results -
Sung Kwan Hwang, Dong Hyun Kang, Tae Yeon Cho, Chang Ho Yi
Hip & Pelvis.2010; 22(3): 209. CrossRef

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Complications of Interlocking Intramedullary Nailing for the Humeral Shaft Fracture: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Jong Keon Oh, Sang Hun Ko, Seung Wook Jeong; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(3):669-677. Published online July 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.3.669

Abstract PDF: Several advantages of intramedullary nails over plates and external fixators have led to an anpansion of the surgical indications for humeral shaft tractures. But, various morbidities due to proximity of several important structures, such as rotator cuff and radial nerve, follwed the operation. We reviewed our experience with 23 cases of humeral shaft fractures that were treated by interlocking intramedullary nailing to evaluate the pitfalls and the complications of this technique. Fifteen men and 8 women were followed for average 19.5 months. Twenty one (91.3%) of them had midshaft fractures. According to AO/ASIF classification, type A was most common(60.9%), and followed by type B(26.1%) and type C(13.O%). Eighteen of them had associated injuries - 5 radial nerve palsies, 1 Volkmans ischemic contracture, and 14 had fracture of other sites. Indications for interlocking intramedullary nailing were unsatisfactory reduction after closed reduction, fracture of the ipsilateral upper extremity, segmental fractures, and multiple injuries. The operation was performed average 6.7 days after injury. The final results were evaluated with radiographs for quality of union and with physical examination for functional status of the shoulder. There were four cases of complication associated with increase morbidity. A post operative radial verve palsy, associated with the distal interlocking screw fixation was developed due to inappropriately short nail insertion. And in one case, fracture healing was delayed due to distraction of the fracture gap after nailing. In another case subacromial impingement was developed secondary to protruded nail tip because the length was thought be the common underlying causative factor. Finally there was a case of iatrogenic fracture at the site of distal interlocking screw fixation and it was thought to be a technical problem. The results gave us the conclusion that inappropriate nail length was the common underlying causative factor of the complications. Therefore in the interlocking IM nailing for the humeral shaft fractures, accurate measurment of nail length is one of the most cirtical factor for the good final result.

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The Treatment of Supracondylar Fracture of The Humerus in Children: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Cheol Min Kim, Sang Hoon Ko, Seung Wook Jeong; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(2):393-400. Published online April 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.2.393

Abstract PDF: Supracondylar fracture of distal humerus is up to 60% of all fractures around the elbow in children. Complications of this fracture include nerve injury, arterial injury, skin slough, Volkmanns ischemic contracuture, and changes in carrying angle. Many different treatment methods to minimize these complications have been devised. Recently, closed reduction and percutaneous pinning with K-wire is most widely used in treating supracondylar fractures in children exept in some rare cases such as unreducible fracture by closed reduction. However, troublesome changes in the carrying angle which do not interfere with function but the appearance of the arm is unsatisfactory, continue in approximately 30% of most series. We reviewed 59 cases which were treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning in supracondylar fracuture of the humerus. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the cosmetic and functional results and complications and to analysis the relationship between the stability of reduction and method of pinning. The results are as follows; 1) There were many cosmetic problems, actually. Change over 10 degrees in carrying angle compared to the normal site was as high as 10 cases(17%) of 59 cases. 2) There was no functional problem such as limitatioin of motion. 3) There was no significant complication. 4) The cross pinning fixation was more stable than lateral pinning fixation only. 5) Accurate anatomical reduction is required to prevent unsatisfactory result regardless the treatment method.

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Metal Failure after Plate Fixation for Femur Fracture: Hee Kwon, Dong Wook Kim, Chi Soo Sohn, Seung Ryeol Yoon, Joon Min Song, Soo Kyoon Rah, Chang Uk Choi; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(2):371-378. Published online April 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.2.371

Abstract PDF

From January 1991 to August 1996, we experienced 17 cases of metal failure among 150 cases of plate fixation of femur fracture. We analyzed the cases and obtained the following results: 1. Among 17 cases, 15 cases were closed fracture and 2 cases were open fracture. In 11 cases, the fractures were located on the midshaft of femur and most of them was segmental or comminuted. According to AO classification, 14 cases(82%) were type B(B1:1, B2:4) and C(C1:7, C3:2). 2. The interval between initial operation and metal failure was 8 months on average. 3. The cause of metal failure were bone defect remaining after initial operation, fragment necrosis due to periosteal denuding of large free bone fragments, early weight bearing, selection of inappropriate implants and improper operation technique. 4. Plate breakages were occured in 11 cases and screw fractures and screw loosening in 6 cases. Most of plate breakage was due to remaining bone defects, and most of screw fractures and loosening was due to inappropriate implants and improper operation techinque. In conclusion, accurate preoperative evaluation on the fracture site, fracture pattern and appropriate selection of internal fixative are important for proper bone healing. Based upon our result, we suggest semiopen technique with minimal soft tissue injury and initial early bone graft for bone defect.

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The Surgical Treatment of Distal Femur Medial Condyle Fracture Using Lateral Anatomical Plate of Opposite Side through Medial Approach
Sung-Sik Ha, Jae-Chun Sim, Ki-Do Hong, Jae-Young Kim, Kwang-Hee Park, Yoon-Ho Choi
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(4): 246. CrossRef

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