Journal of Musculoskeletal Trauma

Early Corrective Osteoclasis for Malunited Pediatric Medial Condylar Fracture of the Humerus: Hong Jun Jung, Ho Youn Park, Yuna Kim; J Korean Fract Soc 2022;35(1):21-25. Published online January 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2022.35.1.21

Abstract PDF: Fractures of the medial condyle of the distal humerus in children are very rare, and the younger the age, the more difficult it is to diagnose. These fractures include an intra-articular fracture and a Salter–Harris type IV growth plate fracture. Therefore, the prognosis is poor if the fracture is neglected or misdiag-nosed because of the high incidence of complications such as nonunion, angular deformity, or joint contracture. This paper reports a case of a four-year-old child who presented with a malunion of the medial condyle of the humerus with good results after an early corrective osteoclasis.

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Pediatric around Elbow Fracture: Taehun Kim, Jaeho Cho, Seungmin Chung; J Korean Fract Soc 2021;34(1):44-49. Published online January 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2021.34.1.44

Abstract PDF: This study assessed the current concepts of pediatric elbow fractures. PubMed and Embase databases were searched for publications in English on elbow fractures. Papers believed to yield significant findings to this area were included in this review. The supracondyle of humerus, lateral condyle of the humerus, proximal radius, and proximal ulna fractures were included. Sixteen papers and textbooks were selected. Pediatric elbow fractures should be evaluated for combined injuries. Treatment should be done accurately for each fracture for the further growth of children.

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Cortical Perforation Misidentified with Medial Condylar Fracture of Femur in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Case Report: Seung Suk Seo, Sang Won Moon; J Korean Fract Soc 2019;32(1):52-55. Published online January 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2019.32.1.52

Abstract PDF: Intraoperative fracture in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a rare complication. However, when it happens, additional surgery to fix the fracture site is needed. Therefore, it is important to diagnose intraoperative fractures in TKA exactly. The authors experienced two cases of cortical perforation of medial femoral condyle misidentified as the fracture in TKA. Cortical perforation could be misdiagnosed as the fracture, which could lead to unnecessary surgery. This is the first report about cortical perforation in TKA. We report two cases of intraoperative cortical perforations and describe the radiological characteristics.

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The Surgical Treatment of Distal Femur Medial Condyle Fracture Using Lateral Anatomical Plate of Opposite Side through Medial Approach: Sung Sik Ha, Jae Chun Sim, Ki Do Hong, Jae Young Kim, Kwang Hee Park, Yoon Ho Choi; J Korean Fract Soc 2009;22(4):246-251. Published online October 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2009.22.4.246

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
To evaluate clinical and radiological results of surgical treatment of distal femur medial condyle fracture using lateral anatomical plate of opposite side through medial approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study reviewed the results of 9 cases of distal femur medial condyle fracture treated with lateral anatomical plate of opposite side through medial approach from December 2005 to June 2007, after a follow up of more than 12 months. There were 2 males and 7 females with a mean age of 63.1 (57~72) years. The clinical results were evaluated using the Schatzker's criteria, and the radiographic results were evaluated using the bone union time. RESULTS: Using the Schatzker's criteria, 7 cases of the 9 patients (78%) showed exellent results. The mean time for bone union was 13.4 (11~15) weeks. There were 3 cases of pain on full weight bearing same as previous operative state by degenerative osteoarthritis. There weren't complications as joint stiffness, infection, varus & rotational deformity, malunion, nonunion, and metal failure. CONCLUSION: Plate fixation using medial approach provides the proper anatomical reduction and stronger fixation, and outcome good results.

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Medial Plating of Distal Femoral Fracture with Locking Compression Plate-Proximal Lateral Tibia: Cases' Report
Se-Ang Jang, Young-Soo Byun, In-Ho Han, Dongju Shin
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2016; 29(3): 206. CrossRef

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In Situ Late Metaphyseal Osteosynthesis for the Fractures of the Lateral Humeral Condyle in Children: Kun Bo Park, Seung Whan Lee, Hyun Woo Kim, Hui Wan Park, Ki Seok Lee; J Korean Fract Soc 2008;21(2):151-156. Published online April 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2008.21.2.151

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the efficacy of the in situ late osteosynthesis for slightly displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From 2000 to 2004, 12 patients (8 boys and 4 girls) were managed with in situ late osteosynthesis for fractures of the lateral humeral condyle. The average age at the time of operation was 6 years 1 month (1 year 7 months~9 years 1 month), and the mean amount of fragment displacement was 3.3 mm (2.0~4.5 mm). The operative procedure included curettage and in situ fixation of the fragment RESULTS: Bony union was achieved in all cases after avg. 48 months (33~73 months) follow-up assessment. According to the score system of Dhillon et al, 7 patients had excellent, 3 had good, 2 had fair results. None of the patients developed avascular necrosis or premature closure of the epiphysis.
CONCLUSION
We suggest that in situ fixation is an effective method for the late treatment of slightly displaced fracture of the lateral humeral condyle.

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The Fractures of Humerus Shaft and Medial Epicondyle by Arm Wrestling: Yeo Hun Yoon, Jong Kyung Ha, Kyung Eob Choi, Kwan Hee Lee, Sang Jin Shin; J Korean Fract Soc 2006;19(4):437-442. Published online October 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2006.19.4.437

Abstract

PURPOSE
To evaluate the mechanism of the humeral fractures induced by arm wrestling and the clinical results of its treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
We reviewed 7 humeral fractures induced by arm wrestling; 3 humeral shaft fractures, 4 humeral medial epicondyle fractures. The mechanism of the fractures and the clinical results were assessed by history and radiographs.
RESULTS
Shaft fractures were produced by twist and axial compression force. Humeral medial epicondyle fractures were the avulsion fractures by excessive contraction of flexor muscles and developed in young age. We operated 6 of them and in all cases, we could obtain fracture healings without complication.
CONCLUSION
The humeral fractures induced by arm wrestling have the differences in the ages and mechanisms as to the locations of the fractures and if the proper treatment is performed, the clinical results are satisfactory.

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Fractures of the humeral shaft caused by arm wrestling: a systematic review
Kiyohisa Ogawa, Atsushi Yoshida, Noboru Matsumura, Wataru Inokuchi
JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques.2022; 2(4): 505. CrossRef
Olecranon Fracture Sustained during Arm Wrestling in Middle-Aged Male
Chang-Yk Lee, Hyuk-Min Kwon, Han-Bit Kim
Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2022; 57(6): 520. CrossRef
Fracture-Separation of the Medial Humeral Epicondyle Caused by Arm Wrestling: A Systematic Review
Kiyohisa Ogawa, Atsushi Yoshida, Noboru Matsumura, Wataru Inokuchi
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Humerus Shaft Fractures Occurring in Fly Fishing Boat Riding: Injury Scene Analysis
Hongri Li, Wan Sun Choi, Bong-gun Lee, Jae-hoo Lee, Younguk Park, Doohyung Lee
The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2019; 37(4): 134. CrossRef
Humeral Shaft Fracture Sustained during Arm Wrestling in Young Males
Seung Rim Yi, Jieun Kwon, Ye Hyun Lee, Bo Kyu Yang, Young Joon Ahn, Se Hyuk Im, Joon Hee Cho, Sang Hoon Park
The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2017; 35(3): 149. CrossRef
Humerus Shaft Fractures in Leisure Sport 'Flyfish Riding' - 4 Cases Report -
Bong Gun Lee, Ki Chul Park, Youn Ho Choi, Woo Sung Jung, Kyu Tae Hwang
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2012; 25(4): 327. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Meniscus Tear in Tibial Plateau Fractures: Jung Man Kim, Dong Yup Lee, Young Joon Yang; J Korean Fract Soc 2006;19(3):319-321. Published online July 31, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jkfs.2006.19.3.319

Abstract: PURPOSE
To evaluate the pattern of meniscal tear according to the type of the tibial plateau fracture of Schatzker.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty two cases of tibial condyle fracture treated between the period of 1994 and 2003 were evaluated. The fracture type was classified according to Schatzker. The pattern and extent of the meniscus tear were compared with the fracture classification. Statistical analysis was made with the Fisher's exact test.
RESULTS
Meniscus tear was noted in 29 cases out of 62 fractures (46.8%). The twenty cases of minimally displaced fractures treated conservatively showed no meniscal tear. Of 18 cases of the most common type I fracture 2 (11.2%) had a meniscus tear. Of 16 type II fractures 12 (75%) had a meniscus tear. The type III fracture showed the highest prevalence of meniscus tear (76.9%, 10/13). There was statistically significant relationtionship between the type of fractures and the rate of meniscus tear (p<0.0001).
CONCLUSION
The meniscus tear frequently occurred in tibial plateau fractures in Schatzker type II and III. Associated meniscus tears should be born in mind when those types of fracture are encountered.

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Surgical Treatment for the Non-union of the Lateral Humeral Condyle Fracture using Closing Wedge Osteotomy and Bone Graft: Sang Ho Ha, Hong Moon Sohn, Jun Young Lee, Sun Jong Oh; J Korean Soc Fract 2003;16(3):379-384. Published online July 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2003.16.3.379

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
To evaluate the clinical results of the surgical treatment for established nonunion of lateral humeral condyle fracture using closing wedge osteotomy and bone graft.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Six patients diagnosed as symptomatic established nonunion of lateral humeral condyle fracture and cubitus valgus deformity were reviewed retrospectively. The average age was 23 years old and mean follow up period was 32 months. We investigate the changes of the symptoms and radiographic findings, and determine the results by Oppenheim's criteria.
RESULTS
According to Oppenheim's criteria, 3 patients showed excellent, 2 good, 1 poor. Carrying angle is improved to 10.2 degrees and range of motion was decreased by mean 9 degrees. All of the patients' muscle weakness and pain were improved, and was achieved solid union at the last follow up.
CONCLUSION
In the treatment of symptomatic established lateral humeral fracture and cubitus valgus deformity, better functional and cosmetic results are anticipated by a closing wedge osteotomy and bone graft.

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In SituLate Metaphyseal Osteosynthesis for the Fractures of the Lateral Humeral Condyle in Children
Kun Bo Park, Seung Whan Lee, Hyun Woo Kim, Hui Wan Park, Ki Seok Lee
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2008; 21(2): 151. CrossRef

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The Correlation between Surgical Timing and Perioperative Complications in the Treatment of Displaced Supracondylar Humeral Fractures of Children: Soo Hong Han, Duck Yun Cho, Hyung Ku Yoon, Byung Soon Kim, Jae Hwa Kim, Hyung Kun Park, Se Hyen Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2003;16(2):278-283. Published online April 30, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2003.16.2.278

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Even though emergent percutaneous pinning after closed reduction is the popularized treatment of the displaced type II and type III pediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus, the timing of pinning still presents controversy. The purpose of this study is to suggest an appropriate surgical time without significant perioperative complications.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From April 1995 to January 2002, 179 consecutive patients who had undergone surgical treatment were selected. They were divided to 5 groups [A group: 8 hours or less following injury (24 cases), B group: from 9 to 16 hours (63 cases), C group: from17 hours to 24 hours (63 cases), D group: from 25 hours to 48 hours (18 cases), and E group: from 49 hours to 72 hours (11 cases)] and reviewed retrospectively to analyze perioperative complications and operation time.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference between each group with respect to surgical wound infection, iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury, VIC, operation time and the necessity of reoperation (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION
Within the parameters outlined in our study, we could not find the any meaningful correlation between surgical timing and occurrence of perioperative complications and also, we think that the timing of percutaneous pinning can be delayed to the time when a surgeon considers it appropriate.

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Operative treatment of fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus in children: Ho Jung Kang, Yong Min Cheon, Kye Wook Song, Eung Shick Kang, Hui Wan Park; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(4):762-768. Published online October 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.4.762

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
We investigated injury mechanism, clinical feature, treatment, and prognosis in fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus in children. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From April 1997 to April 2000, 10 fractures of medial epicondyle of humerus treated by operative method and followed up for minimum 12 months were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS
The injury mechanism includes slip down with elbow outstretched in 8 case, throwing ball in one case, arm wrestling in other one case. Ulnar nerve symptom at the distal region of fracture site was noted in one case. 2 cases had elbow dislocation at the time of trauma. Fractured fragment displaced more than 5mm in 9 cases and fractured fragment incarcerated in elbow joint in one case. Open reduction and internal fixation was done with medial approach. The mean period of cast immobilization was 6 weeks postoperatively and after removal of cast, gentle exercise of range of motion was started. After operation and postoperative follow up, in all case except one, the full range of motion of elbow joint was recovered and there were no Unar nerve symptom and valgus instability in affected elbow joint.
CONCLUSION
The indication of operation for fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus is controversial, yet. We had done open reduction and internal fixation for medial epicondyle of humerus only in case of displacement of fractured fragment more than 5mm and incarceration in elbow joint after manual reduction, ulnar nerve symptom. In 90 percents of all case, the result was satisfactory.

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A STUDY OF ANATOMICAL CONFIGURATION OF LATERAL TIBIAL CONDYLE USING MR AXIAL IMAGE: Sung Do Cho, Yong Sun Cho, Bum Soo Kim, Tae Woo Park, So Gu Lew, Su Young Jung; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(3):398-403. Published online July 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.3.398

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the anatomical configuration of the lateral tibial condyle using the MR axial images and to present the proper configuration of the head of the buttress plate that fit the lateral tibial condyle of Korean MATERIALS AND METHODS: With 110 MR axial images of the knee joint of male and female, we calculate the ratio of the maximal height of the arc of the l ateral tibial condyle to the length of the line between the end point of the arc of the lateral tibial condyle(the ratio of convexity) and the angle of the peak point of arc of the lateral tibial condyle(the angle of convexity), the absolute value of the difference of the angle of the end point of the arc(the value of symmetry) of that. then we evaluate the head of 3 the buttress plates with same methods and then compare with the result of the lateral tibial condyle.
RESULTS
The ratio and angle of convexity of Korean were average 0.216/49.04(total), 0.203/49.35(male), 0.235/50.36(female), and the value of symmetry were average 5.68(total), 5.76(male), 5.56(female). the ratio and angle of convexity of the head of buttress plate were average 0.177/43.21(EGIRE), 0.114/25(AO), 0.101/23.83(Solco) and the value of the symmetry were 1.643(EGIRE), 0.75(AO), 1.5(Solco). the ratio of convexity was correlated with age, height, and weight but angle of convexity was not correlated with weight.
CONCLUSION
The anatomical configuration of the lateral tibial condyle of Korean did not fit that of the head of the buttress plates and it would be necessary to make a new plate that fit the lateral tibial condyle for Korean.

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Surgical Treatment for Tibial Condyle Fracture of the Proximal Tibia: Won Tae Choi, Bo Yel Choi, Chul Hyung Lee, Eui Soon Kim, Jeong Woung Lee, Doo Hoon Sun, Myung Sang Moon; J Korean Soc Fract 2001;14(2):291-297. Published online April 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2001.14.2.291

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the results of operative treatment for tibial condyle fracture of the proximal tibia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 1995 to June 1999, 15 patients with more than one year follow-up periods were treated by operative method at Sun General Hospital. 10 of them were treated by open reduction and internal fixation(plate & screw for 8, screw & K-wire for 2) and 5 of them by closed reduction and Ilizarov fixation. Preoperative prognostic factors were considered as the fracture type of Schatzker classification, associated injury, and closed or open fracture. Functional outcome was evaluated results by Blokker`s criteria.
RESULTS
According to Schatzker classification, type III were 4 cases, type IV were 6 cases, and type V were 5 cases. At last follow up, average range of motion was 115degrees (Internal fixation was 110degrees, External fixation was 130degrees) The results was according to Blokker`s criteria, 11 cases(73%) had satisfactory acceptable results, among 4 cases(27%) of non-acceptable criteria.
CONCLUSION
For treatment of tibia condyle complicated communited fracture, we are able to consider that rigid internal fixation with anatomical reduction and external fixation for early range of motion.

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Treatment of Coronal Split Fracture of the Femoral Condyle: Yong In, Seung Key Kim, Won Jong Bark, Jong Beom Park, Gun Chang, Han Chang; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(4):855-860. Published online October 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.4.855

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the results of treatment in 6 cases of coronal split fractures of the femoral condyle MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six cases of coronal split fractures of the femoral condyle were treated and followed up 16 to 36 months. Five cases were treated operatively. We used anteromedial approach for 3 cases, posteromedial approach for 1 case and posterolateral approach for other 1 case. Non-displaced case was treated conservatively with cast. We compared the results of each case using Letenneur assessment system.
RESULTS
All 3 cases approached anteromedially and the case approached posterolaterally showed good results. But the case approached posteromedially showed fair result with mild limitation of motion and pain. Non-displaced case treated with cast resulted in poor result with nonunion.
CONCLUSION
We propose operative treatment for coronal split fracture of the femoral condyle even though there is no displacement. Anteromedial approach and headless screw fixation could be the best method for reduction and fixation of fracture.

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Varus Stress Test and Percutaneous Fixation of the Lateral Condyle Fracture of the Humerus in Children: Sung Soo Kim, Sang Ki Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(4):1053-1060. Published online October 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.4.1053

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The current study is planned to evaluate varus stress test and a result of percutaneous K-wire fixation in the minimally displaced lateral condyle fracture of humerus in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We have analyzed seven patients of Jakob stage I or II lateral condylar fracture of the humerus clinically and radiologically who were managed with closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation from July 1996 to June 1999. Their ages at the time of injury ranged 2.5 to 11.7 years (average 6.3 years). We checked varus stress view for evaluating fracture stability and treatment plan.
RESULTS
The patients were followed up for average 13 months postoperatively and showed no differences in carrying angle, range of motion and physical activity compared with contralateral elbow. K-wires were removed average 6 weeks postoperatively. The fractures were united at average 5.9 weeks (5-9 weeks). There were minor complications ; one case of bony overgrowth, three cases of bony spur and one case of pin site infection. The treatment results according to Hardacre's assessment were excellent in all cases.
CONCLUSION
Varus stress view is necessary to evaluate the fracture stability and to make treatment plan in minimally displaced lateral condyle fracture, and closed reduction followed by percutaneous K-wire fixation can be used successfully in the cases of unstable Jakob stage I and reducible Jakob stage II.

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Treatments of the Tibial Condylar Fractures: Taik Seon Kim, Jae Ik Shim, Sung Jong Lee, Suk Ha Lee, Dong Ki Lee, Yeon Sik Yu, Hong Man Cho; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(2):311-319. Published online April 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.2.311

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
: In the proximal tibial condylar fractures, the authors analyzed the treatment results clinically and radiologically, after arthroscopically assisted accurate anatomical reduction of articular surface and rigid internal fixation with early mobilization.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
: We reviewed 56 cases of tibial condylar fracture that were treated at our the orthopaedic department between January 1990 and December 1996 and the follow-up period was 1 year above. According to Schatzker's classifications, we classified the type of fracture and we analyzed the results by average union time and Porter's criteria after accurate anatomical reduction of articular surface and rigid assisted redcution of articular surface and internal fixation.
RESULTS
: According to Schatzker's classification, Type I 15cases, TypeII 14cases, TypeIII 6 cases, TypeIV 7cases, TypeV 3cases, TypeVI 11cases, Associated soft tissue injuries were total 22cases the were MCL injuries 12 cases, lateral meniscal injuries 6 cases. The average union time was 15.5 weeks and by Porter's criteria, 56 cases, of which 39 cases(71%) had an good result.
CONCLUSION
: we considered that good results can be obtained by assistant use of arthroscopy and rigid internal fixation with early mobilization, that accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatments of accampaning injuries according to the type of fractures, and accurate anatomical reduction of articualr surface.

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Treatment of Displaced Lateral Condylar Fracture of the Humerus in Children: Jong Sup Shim, Sung Min Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(2):201-207. Published online April 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.2.201

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
: We tried to define the complications related to the degree of injury and the treatment modalities in surgically treated lateral condylar fracture of the humerus in children. MATERIAL : We experienced 42 children under 15 years of age who were diagnosed lateral humeral condylar fracture and treated by operation. The follow up periods were from 6 months to 39 months, average 15.2 months. There were 4 cases of Milch type I fracture and 38 cases of Milch type II fractures. According to the displacement, there were 9 cases of stage I fracture, 20 cases of stage II fracture, and 13 cases of stage III fracture. The age distribution was from 1.5yrs. to 13yrs.(average ; 5.2years) and there were 26 male children and 16 female children.
METHOD
: 6 cases of stage I fracture and 2 cases of stage II fracture were treated by maunal reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation. 3 cases of stage I fracture revealed incongruency of articular surface, 18 cases of stage II fractures and 13 cases of all stage III fracture were treated by open reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation.
RESULT
: There 13 cases of lateral bony hypertrophic(30.9%), 4 cases of minimal limitation of elbow joint motion(9.5%), 3 cases of hypertrophic skin scar(7.1%), 2cases of pin tract infection(4.8%), one case of slight decrease of carrying angle(2.4%). Howerer there was no serious complication such as nonunio or cubitus valgus. Limitation of elbow joint motion occurred significantly higher in Milch type I fracture(2 cases, 50%) than Milch type II fracture(2 cases, 5.3%)(p<0.05). Lateral bony hypertroph occurred significantly higher in open reduction(12cases, 35.3%) than in manual reduction(one case, 12.5%)(p<0.05). Also lateral bony hypertrophy occurred higher in moderate and severe displaced fractures(stage II and III ; 12cases, 36.4%) than in minimal displaced fractures(stage I ; one cases, 11.1%)(p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
: In the displaced lateral humeral condylar fractures in children, the serious complications can be avoided through selecting adequate treatment modality. In the case of open reduction, the possibility, the possibility of lateral bony hypertrophy should be minded.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of the Lateral Condylar Fracture of Humerus Traversing the Capitulum in Children: Kwang Soo Song, Dong Hwa Woo; J Korean Soc Fract 2000;13(1):166-171. Published online January 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.1.166

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
: To emphasize the importance of the oblique view of elbow in diagnosis of the lateral condylar fracture traversing the capitulum to propose an appropriate treatment reducing the complication.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
: We analyzed eight cases of lateral condylar fracture traversing the capitulum among the 192 cases of lateral condylar fracture with preoperative complete roentgenogram and medical record from April, 1992 to September, 1998.
RESULTS
: In seven cases, it was possible to diagnose as lateral condylar fracture of humerus in initial anteroposterior and lateral view, but it had a difficulty to decide whether fracture line traversing the capitulum. The oblique view provided accurate fracture line to diagnose. One case was diagnosed fracture line traversing the capitulum in lateral view. There was no considerable complications at 18 months follow up in average, except one case with malunion that was transferred form other hospital after operation.
CONCLUSION
: To make a diagnosis of the lateral condylar fracture traversing capitulum, the oblique view is helpful. We considered that internal fixation is require because the fragment can be displaced progressively.

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The Result After Surgical Treatment on Lateral Condyle Fracture of Humenu in Children: Dong Soo Kim, Kook Jin Chung, Jong Guk Ahn, Byung Hyun Jung, Yeol Bo Sung, Hyung Jin Chung, Chil Soo Kwon; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(4):1034-1039. Published online October 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.4.1034

Abstract PDF: Fracture of the lateral condyle of humerus in children are common injury next to supracondylar fracture in children, account for 10 to 15% about the elbow and 18 to 20% about distal humerus fractures. This is the one fracture that can be overlooked clinically and that has a high potential for nonunion and cubitus valglls deformity. Sixty children treated by closed or open reduction with internal fixation on the lateral condyle fracture of humerus from January 1994 to August 1997, were reviewed. Almost fractures were treated within 12 hours after injury for the purpose of prevention of further displacement and occurrence of complication. According to Hardacre et als criteria, most patients showed excellent and good results. We report the result after surgical treatment on the laterdl condyle fracture of humerus in children.

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Treatment of the Lateral Condyle Fractures of the Humerus in Children: Duk Yong Lee, Jae Ik Shim, Taik Seon Kim, Sung Jong Lee, Suk Ha Lee, Dong Ki Lee, Yoen Sik Yu, Eun No Lee, Nak Hoon Seong; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(3):667-673. Published online July 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.3.667

Abstract PDF: The authors analysed the 40 patients of the lateral condyle fracture of the humerus in children who were admitted in Korea Veterans Hospital in Seoul from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 1997. The fracture type and the displacement was classified according to Milch type and Jakob stage. Clinical analysis was performed on 40 patients with lateral condyle fracture of humerus, who could be followed up. The patients were followed up from 12 months to 63 months with an average of 23 months. Average duration of bone union was 6 weeks after operation. The significant differences in outcome were notified from open reduction and internal fixation in comparison to closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. According to the criteria of Hardacre, we obtained excellent result in 16 cases(40%), good result in 22 cases(55%) and poor results in 2 cases(5%).

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Arthroscopically-assisted Reduction and Fixation for the Lateral Tibial Condyle Fractures: Jeong Hwan Oh, Seon Nam Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(3):614-621. Published online July 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.3.614

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Retrospective study was performed about arthroscopically-assisted reduction and internal fixation for the lateral tibial condyle fractures to evaluate the usefulness of arthroscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 1993 through December 1996, 36 patients with tibial plateau fractures were evaluated. After reviewing the records and radiologic studies, 22 patients were included in the study based on fracture patterns. Average follow up were 26 months, with a range of 12 to 45 months. Among the 22 cases, 16(72.7%) were male and 6 (27.3%) were female. Fourteen(72.6%) were caused by traffic accident(9 pedestrians, 5 passengers) and 7 were fall from a height. According to Schatzker classification, 9 cases (40.1%) were classified as cleavage with depression(type II), 5 cases(22.4%) of pure central depression(type III) and 8 cases(36.5%) of pure cleavage(type I). There were 24 cases of associated injuries in 16 patients, among which lateral meniscus tears was most common (37.5%). We used Porters criteria for the clinical evaluation and Blotters criteria.
RESULTS
By Porters criteria for the clinical evaluation, acceptable results were obtained in 20 cases (90.9%) in symptom, 21 cases(95.5%) in functional aspect and 22 cases(100%) in appearance and radiologic appearance. By Blotters criteria, satisfactory results were in 20 cases (90.9%).
CONCLUSION
Arthroscopically-assisted reduction and internal fixation should be considered one of the treatment of choice in selected tibial plateau fractures from many advantages.

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Arthroscopically-Assisted Reduction and Fixation in Fractures of the Tibial Condyle: Jung Su Hwang, Han Chul Kim, Yong Soon Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1999;12(1):90-97. Published online January 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1999.12.1.90

Abstract PDF: Fractures of the tibial condyle are characterized that often involve the articular surfaces and frequently associated with soft tissue injuries such as collateral ligament, cruciate ligament and menisci of the knee. The author analyzed 12 cases of tibial condyle fractures, which were surgically treated by reduction of depressed articular surface under assist of arthroscopy and then fixed with cannulated cancellous screws and accompanied by bone graft under the control of image intensifier in 9 cases of the 12 cases. The purpose of this study are (1) obtaining accurate reduction of the depressed articular surface, (2) preventing knee joint from the surgical wide dissection, (3) not only bony problems but also combined menisci and ligament injuries were diagnosis and management. We can obtain more anatomical reduction and excellent or good functional knee score since extensive exposure is avoided. There is no complication with regard to arthroscopic surgery and rapid recovery with reduced pain and early full ROM are obtained after follow-up study of a mean of 1 year.

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AClinical study of the Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures in children: Hyung Seok Kim, Ki Do Hong, Sung Sik Ha, Beom soo Kim; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(4):994-1000. Published online October 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.4.994

Abstract PDF

Fracture of the lateral humeral condyle is a relatively common injury in children. It is an itraarticular fracture involving the growth plate so, the treatment should be done very carefully to reduce aditional damage and complication. The authors analyzed 34 fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children who were treated from Mar. 1993 to Feb. 1998, to know the releationship between the factors affecting the development of complications and the results. The results were summerized as follows ; 1. There were 1 case (2.9 %) of Milch type I and 33 cases (97.1 %) of Milch ype II, and according to Jakob' stage, 9 case (26.5 %) of stage I, 19 cases (55.9 %) of stage II, and 6 cases (17.6 %) of stage III. 2. They were treated with cast immobilization in 5 cases (14.7 %), with closed rduction and percutaneous K-wire pinning in 8 cases (23.5%), and with open reduction and K-wire fixation in 21 cases (61.8%). 3. According to the criteria of Hardacre, the result of 5 cases of cast immobilization were excellent, 8 cases of closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire pinning were 3 excellent, 4 good, 1 poor, and 22 cases of open reduction and K-wire fixation were 19 excellent, 2 good, so there were 22 cases (64.7%) excellent, 11 cases (32.4%) good, and 1 case (2.9%)poor. 4. The complications were 11 cases (32.4%) of bony spur, 6 cases (17.6%) of overgrowth of the lateral condylar or capitellum, 1 case (2.9%) of premature epiphyseal fusion, and 2 cases (5.9%) of pinning site infection.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Large NaX Zeolite Crystals by Continuous Crystallization
Hae Jin Lee, Hyung Mi Lim, Ik Jin Kim
Materials Science Forum.2005; 492-493: 731. CrossRef

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Treatments of Tibial Condylar Fractures: Yong Bum Park, Chung Soo Hwang, Phil Hyun Chung, Suk Kang, Dong Ju Chae, Han Chul Kim, Sang ho Moon, Seung Hun Lee, Tae Young Kim, Sun Hyun Yun; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(4):790-797. Published online October 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.4.790

Abstract PDF: The tibial condylar fractures are characterized by intra-articular extension of fracture line and associated soft tissue injuries, and could affect knee alignment, stability, adn range of motion after treatments. Therefore, anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation is mandatory to get satisfactory results. But this method of treatment can not be always possible due to technical dimend of surgical sklls and high risk of postoperative infection. The authors analyzed 43 cases of tibial condylar fractures, which were treated at the orthopaedic department of the Dongguk University Hospital from March 1990 to May 1996. Males were 34, and females were 9. Average age of patients was 41.4 years, and average follow up period was 18 months. The most common causes of injuries were traffic accidents (36 cases), and most common type of fracture was Schatzker type I. associated soft tissue injuries were observed in 21 cases. Treatment methods were chosen by degree of displacement of fracture fragment and associated soft tissue injuries. Conservative treatments were done in 23 cases and operative treatments in 20 cases. Satisfactory results were obtained in overall 32 cases(74%) regardless of the methods of treatment. Unsatisfactory results were observed in patients who had associated soft injuries and significant displacement of fracture. Conclusively, satisfactory results could be obtained in patients with tibial condylar fractures by appropriate selection of treatments according to displacement of fracture and associated soft tissue injuries.

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Operative Treatment of the Intercondyle of the Humerus in adults: Hyun Dae Shin, Kwang Jin Rhee, June Kyu Lee, Won Sok Lee, Seung Jin Lee; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(2):345-353. Published online April 30, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.2.345

Abstract PDF: We had studied the results of operative treatments in twenty-seven interconylar fractures of the distal end of the humerus over a ten-year period retrospectively. From march 1989 to February 1996, 27 patients were included in this study. The fracture patterns were classified according to the system of Muller et al. and evaluated the results of the involved elbow by Jupiter's scale. The mean follow-up was 47.8 months. The operation method was open reduction by wide exposure and transolecranon approach and internal fixation between two condyles by cancellous screw or Hebert screw and two reconstruction plate rectangularly each other. Among 27, 17 were men and left elbow were 15. The mean average age was 50.2 (23- 72)years old. The most common injury mechanism was direct trauma in 18 cases(62.9%). By Muller classification C3 type were 12 cases(44.4%), while C1 were 5 cases and C2 were 5 cases and C2 were 10 cases. At last follow-up the elow ROM was average flexion angle 107 degrees(18 to 125 degrees). Except intolerable pain and partial stiffness of elbow, the postoperative complications were 4 cases ; dsyesthia of ulnar nerve were 2, infection were 1, and heterotopic ossification was 1 case. The results of excellent and good were 20 cases(74.1%). In 7 cases of fair and poor results, C3 were 4 cases and C2 were 2 cases. It was concluded that the transolecranon approach and dual-plate fixation on humerus for fractures of the intercondyle of the humerus was satisfactory and necessary to effort of rigid fixation and a early rehabilitation after operation as possible.

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Treatment of the Tibial Condyle Fracture: Sung Ho Han, Bo Gyu Yang, Chi Hong Kim, Tae Won Ahn, Sun Tae Jeong; J Korean Soc Fract 1998;11(1):214-225. Published online January 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1998.11.1.214

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A fracture of the tibial condyle is an intra-articular fracture of a major weight bearing joint and loss of function result in high percentage disability of the extremity. The goal of tibial condyle fracture management is a stable, well-aligned, congruent joint, with a painless range of motion and function. The management of tibial condyle fractures remains controversal. Many authors have stated that anatomical restoration of the articular surface and stable internal fixation are essential for these goals to be attained, but good results have also been reported after the conservative treatment. So the method of treatment has to be selected in each individual cases. We evaluated the 35 tibial plateau fractures, 17 treated by conservative method and 18 treated by surgery, at an average follow up of 17 months. The results were obtained as follows; 1. The most common cause of injury was motor vehicle accident in 25 cases(71.5%). 2. According to Schatzker classification, the most common type was typeII in 12 3. Associated soft tissue injuries were in 19 cases(54.3%). Among these, meniscal injuries were most common(in 13 cases). 4. According to Hohl and Luck criteria, the clinical results were acceptable in 11 to 17 cases (64.7%) after non-operative methods and 14 of 18 cases(78%) after operative methods.

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Evaluation of the Patterns of Fractures and the Soft Tissue Injury Using MRI in Tibial Plateau Fractures
Ji-Yong Chun, Hee-Gon Park, Sung-Su Hwang
Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2007; 20(4): 302. CrossRef

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Ipsilateral Monteggia Fracture and Lateral Condyle fracture of Humerus in Children: Jung Ho Park, Seung Woo Suh; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(3):708-711. Published online July 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.3.708

Abstract PDF: Authors experienced a rare injury in a 5-year-old girl with Monteggia fracture and concomitant lateral condyle fracture of humerus with radial nerve injury. This combined injury has not been reported in the literature. This unusual fractures were treated by open reduction and K-wire fixation of lateral condyle fracture and transcapitellar K-wire fixation of radial head dislocation. An excellent result was obtained with operative treatment.

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Arthroscopic Management of the Tibial Condylar Fractures: Do Hyun Moon, Beom Koo Lee, Jin Hong Ko, Ki Dong Kang, In Seok Oh, Young Kab Shin; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(2):324-331. Published online April 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.2.324

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The tibial condylar fracture is a fracture of the proximal end of the tibia, involving as they do weight-bearing articular sufaces and frequently accompanied by soft tissue injuries and menisci present a variety of problems in the treatment and prognosis. We performed reduction of the depressed articular fragment under mornitoring of arthroscopy and under the control of image intensifier and fixed with cannulated cancellous screws and accompanied by bone graft in 7 cases of the 11 cases. The results were satisfactory Arthroscopy bridges the advantage of accurate reduction and fixation without extensive operative exposure. In addition, arthroscopy allows through lavage, removal of loose fragment and accurate of associated intraarticular pathology. Since extensive exposure is avoided, rapid recovery with reduced pain and early full ROM us achieved in patients managed arthroscopically.

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Arthroscopically Assisted Reduction and Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Fractures of Tibial Plateau
Jeung Tak Suh, Jae Min Ahn, Tae Wan Kim, He Myung Cho
Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2012; 47(2): 96. CrossRef

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Operative Treatment of the Tibial Condylar Fracture: Yong Man Cho, Kun Yung Lee, Myung Sik Park, Cheon Dong Lee, Heung Sik Kang, Gue Cherl Cho; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(1):44-52. Published online January 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.1.44

Abstract PDF: The tibial condylar fracture which involves articular surface of the proximal tibia is common in pedestrian injury of the traffic accident and often produces some disability of the knee joint because of the frequent association with ligamentous and meniscal injuries. Methods of treatment in fracture of the tibial condyles has long been a controversial problems. Recently most authors agree that the method of treatment has to be selected in each individual case and anatomical reduction of fracture and early knee motion are recommended but unsatisfactory results has been reported as between 20% and 40%. The authors analyzed 38 cases of the tibial condylar fractures, which were treated at the orthopedic department of the Lee-Rha general Hospital from 1990 to 1994, regarding its type, treatment and results. The results of this study were as follows. 1. According to Schatzker classification : the most common fracture was type II. 2. According to BloDers criteria, 28 cases showed satisfactory results(74%). 3. Postoperatively, early knee joint exercise like alternatively applying 90(knee flexion and extension splint were very important factors for good results).

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Treatment of Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures in Children Using Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning: Chung Nam Kang, Jong Oh Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Young Do Koh, Sang Hoon Ko, Seung Hyun Hwang; J Korean Soc Fract 1997;10(1):218-225. Published online January 31, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1997.10.1.218

Abstract PDF: Treatment of lateral condyle fracture has been traditionally divided to closed and open treatment. Minimal displaced fracture of lateral humeral condyle can be appropriately treated with closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation. Adherence to these guidelines is likely to prevent malunion, nonunion, premature epiphyseal closure, ulnar neue palsy, and cubitus valgus deformity, all possible complications of this fracture. Since September 1993, we managed 20 children with lateral condyle fracture of elbow using closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. And intraoperative arthrogram was done to confirm the reduction status. Pins were removed 6 weeks postoperatively. The average period of follow-up was 24 months. There was no significant difference in carrying angle, range of motion and physical activity compared to contralateral elbow. Valgus - varus stress view is a useful method in evaluating fracture stability and rupture of cartilage hinges and valgus - supination stress view is very useful for confirming the reduction. Arthrogram was considered to be useful in evaluating the reduction state and deciding the treatment plan.

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A clinical study of tibial condylar fracture: Kyu Yeol Lee, Myung Soo Lee, Sung Keun Sohn; J Korean Soc Fract 1996;9(4):958-969. Published online October 31, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1996.9.4.958

Abstract PDF: The tibial condyle fracture was descirbed first by Cooper in 1825, which involves articular surface of the proximal tibial and often pnduces disabilities of the knee joint due to accompanied by injuries to ligaments and menisci, frequently. There are much controversies in the method of the treatment in the fracture of the tibia condyle, but todays, the anatomical reduction and firm internal fixation is recommanded with early knee motion for good results. The authors analyzed 43 cases of tibia condylar fractures that treated at Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Dong-A University from March 1990 to May 1995. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The most common age group was 4th decade. 2. The most common cause of injury was motor vehicle accident in 28 cases(65.1%) and others were slip down, fall down and sports injury, etc. 3. According to Schatzkers classification, thr most common type was type II and VI in 10 cases(23.3%) individually. 4. The most common soft tissue injury was ligament injury in 16 cases(37.2%), and the most common associated fracture was fibular fractures(13 cases). 5. By Porters criteria, 16 cases(76.2%) among 21 conservative cases and 16 cases(12.7%) among 22 operative cases had acceptable results. 6. The most common complication was limit of motion of knee joint(8 cases) and then, traumatic arthritis, angular deformity, infection, joint instability were seen. 7. There was no different result between conseHative and operation method in our study, but we think the simple comparision was meaningless because of the degrees of injury to the objects of the two treatment methods were different. 8. The factors to effect the prognosis were as fellows; the depression, displacement of the fracture, soft tissue injury, anatomical reduction and early knee exercise, etc.

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