PURPOSE To evaluate the outcomes of patients with comminuted subtrochanteric femoral fractures using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve patients with a mean age of 38.2 years, who sustained comminuted subtrochanteric femoral fractures, were treated using MIPO technique. All patients suffered these fractures either from traffic accidents (6) or falls from height (6). Average follow-up was 4.3 years (range, 29~78 months). Patients were assessed radiographically and clinically with regards to time to union, malunion, and complications. According to the Seinsheimer's classification, there were 1 type III, 7 type IV, and 4 type V. Type C fractures were ten according to AO-OTA classification. RESULTS Union was achieved in 7 of 12 cases, in an average of 23.4 weeks (range, 12~42 weeks). Three definite non-unions with implant failures, needed the procedure of implant change and bone graft. In other two patients, early bone graft was performed for anticipated nonunion of comminuted area. The most common complication was metal failures (2 plate failures and 3 screw breakages). Limb length shortening of 1.5 cm occurred in one patient, and external rotation malunion of 15 degrees was noted in one patient. No patients developed infection. CONCLUSION Preserving biology of the fracture fragments, the use of MIPO technique using DCS has proven to be less successful in comminuted subtrochanteric fractures, comparing to fractures in other areas. To avoid mechanical failure, the careful and protective weight bearing is needed until the callus-bridging is seen in the commniuted area.
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Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis for Femoral Mid-Diaphyseal Fractures Hyoung-Keun Oh, Suk-Kyoo Choo, Jong-In Kim, Sung-Jong Woo Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2013; 26(2): 140. CrossRef
Fixation of the Femoral Subtrochanteric Fracture with Minimally Invasive Reduction Techniques Chul-Hyun Park, Chul-Wung Ha, Sang-Jin Park, Min-Su Ko, Oog-Jin Shon Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2013; 26(2): 112. CrossRef
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis of Subtrochanteric Femoral Fractures Chang-Wug Oh Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(2): 123. CrossRef
What is an Ideal Treatment? Chang-Wug Oh Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2008; 21(4): 347. CrossRef
PURPOSE To evaluate the causative factors in the catastrophic failure of LCP in the proximal humerus fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six patients (6 cases) were collected between October 2003 and July 2005. The mean age was 55.6 years (range: 38~70). The cause of injury was road traffic accident in four, fall down in one and slip down in one. According to the Neer classification, four were 2 part fractures, each one in 3 part fracture and 4 part fracture. RESULTS Fixation failure occurred due to back-out of the plate and screw in five and plate breakage in one. Analysis of the preoperative radiographs revealed medial cortical defect in all and no bone graft and tension band wiring in the greater tuberosity fragment were carried out. Postoperative radiographs showed the anatomical reduction in three and non-anatomical in three. CONCLUSION Non-anatomical reduction, insufficient medial bony buttress, inadequate screw length to the head and the neglect for the greater tuberosity fragment were the contributing factors to the failure of LCP. Knowledge of these factors will enable the surgeon to avoid failure of the LCP. Augmentation fixation and bone graft procedures with careful preoperative planning are necessary for successful fixation of LCP.
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The Result of Conservative Treatment of Proximal Humerus Fracture in Elderly Patients Seung-Gil Baek, Chang-Wug Oh, Young-Soo Byun, Jong-Keon Oh, Joon-Woo Kim, Jong-Pil Yoon, Hyun-Joo Lee, Hyung-Sub Kim Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2013; 26(4): 292. CrossRef
A Separate Approach and Cephalo-Diaphyseal Plate Fixation for the Comminuted Metadiaphyseal Fractures of the Proximal Humerus Sung-Weon Jung Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2013; 26(1): 8. CrossRef
Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fracture with Polyaxial Angular Stable Locking Compression Plate in Patients Older Than 65 Years Ki Won Lee, Young Joon Choi, Hyung Sun Ahn, Chung Hwan Kim, Jae Kwang Hwang, Jeong Ho Kang, Han Ho Choo, Jun Seok Park, Tae Kyung Kim Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow.2012; 15(1): 25. CrossRef
Open Intramedullary Nail with Tension Band Sutures & Lock Sutures on Proximal Humeral Three-part Fracture Jin-Oh Park, Jin-Young Park, Sung-Tae Lee, Hong-Keun Park Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2007; 20(1): 45. CrossRef
PURPOSE To analyze the result of free vascularized fibular grafting for treatment of infected nonunion of the tibia with radical bone and soft tissue defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 patients with infected nonunion of the tibia who underwent a reconstruction using free vascularized fibular grafting were reviewed retrospectively. The mean follow-up period was 70.3 months. We analyzed the results radiographically which included the time of bone union, the amount of hypertrophy of grafted bone and complications. RESULTS The average length of bone defect was 8.8 cm (5~15 cm), and the average length of fibular graft was 14.1 cm (10~17.5 cm). Bony union was achieved in 11 of 17 cases and the average time of bone union was 5.2 months (4~6 months). There were 6 cases of nonunion. All nonunions developed at the proximal end of graft in patients who underwent fixation using pin and external fixator. Union was eventually achieved in all cases in 6.0 months (5~8 months) after the cancellous bone graft and plate internal fixation. Hypertrophy of grafted bones with more than 20% developed only in 4 cases out of 17. There were 3 cases of stress fracture, however there was no recurrence of infection or serious donor site morbidity. CONCLUSION Free vascularized fibula grafting is one of the most effective reconstruction options for the infected nonunion of the tibia with radical bone and soft tissue defect. Strong internal fixation using plate and screws is required to reduce the rate of nonunion and stress fracture of grafted fibulas.
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Treatment Strategy of Infected Nonunion Hyoung-Keun Oh Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2017; 30(1): 52. CrossRef
Sang Hun Ko, Chang Hyuk Choe, Sung Do Cho, Jae Sung Seo, Jong Oh Kim, Jaedu Yu, Sang Jin Shin, In Ho Jeon, Kwang Hwan Jung, Jong Keun Woo, Ji Young Jeong, Gwon Jae No
J Korean Fract Soc 2006;19(1):46-50. Published online January 31, 2006
PURPOSE To evaluate the follow-up result of 11 cases that were operated with internal fixation of scapular neck and internal fixation of clavicle or acromioclavicular dislocation for severely displaced floating shoulder which was high energy injury and unstable. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the scapular neck fracture with clavicle fracture or acromioclavicular joint dislocation by multidisciplinary research from August 1997 to July 2004. The scapular neck fractures were operated in the case of translational displacement of more than 25 mm and angular displacement of more than 45 degrees with 3.5 mm reconstruction plate fixation and internal fixation for clavicle fracture or acromioclavicular joint perpormed simultaneously. And we evaluated 11 cases that can be followed up for more than 9 months. RESULTS We achieved bony union in all cases. In ASES functional score, we got average 89.2 (75~95) points. In Rowe functional score, we got average 89.1 (75~100) points. In complication, there was external rotation weakness in 1 case. CONCLUSION In severely displaced floating shoulder due to high energy injury, we got good clinical and functional result after internal fixation for scapular neck and clavicle or acromioclavicular joint.
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the results and its efficacy of double plating for proximal tibial fractures using minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique.
MATERIAL & METHODS: Twenty-three fractures, followed-up more than 1 year, were included in this retrospective study. There were 18 men and 5 women, and the mean age was 53.5 years-old. According to the AO-OTA classification, five were 41A, 13 were 41C, and 5 were 42. There were four open fractures (grade I- three, grade III A-one case). The plates were fixed on the medial and lateral sides of tibia with MIPO technique. Functional and radiographic results were evaluated by the modified Rasmussen system. RESULTS All fractures healed without bone graft, and the mean period for fracture healing was 19.3 weeks (range, 10~32 weeks). All other patients had excellent or good clinical or radiological results, except for two patients of a fair clinical result after a combined injury. Complications included one case of shortening (1 cm) and two cases of mal-alignments (varus less than 10 degrees). There was one case of superficial infection, but no patient showed deep infection. CONCLUSION Double plating using MIPO technique can provide favorable results in the treatment of proximal tibial fractures.
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Medial Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis in Proximal Tibial Comminuted Fractures Jae-Ang Sim, Kwang-Hui Kim, Yong-Seuk Lee, Sang-Jin Lee, Beom-Koo Lee Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2014; 49(4): 278. CrossRef
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis for Proximal Tibial Shaft Fracture Young-Soo Byun, Ki-Chul Park, Hyun-Jong Bong, Chang-Hoon Lee Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(1): 23. CrossRef
Treatment of Proximal Tibia Fractures Using LCP by MIPO Technique Sang-Ho Ha, Dong-Hui Kim, Jun-Young Lee Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2010; 23(1): 34. CrossRef
Staged Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis of Proximal Tibial Fracture Joon-Woo Kim, Chang-Wug Oh, Jong-Keon Oh, Hee-Soo Kyung, Woo-Kie Min, Byung-Chul Park, Kyung-Hoon Kim, Hee-Joon Kim Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(1): 6. CrossRef
PURPOSE To review the results in the management of ipsilateral femur and tibia fractures, using femoral and tibial intramedullary nailings with single incision on the knee. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated 19 cases of ipsilateral femur and tibia fractures (floating knee), and the retrograde femoral nailing and antegrade tibial nailing were done with single incision on the knee. Except one patient of early death, 18 patients were included in this study. The mean age of index procedure was 34.1 years, and all of them had follow-up study for a mean of 2.4 years. The mean injury severity score was 18.8, and 12 patients had other fractures in the lower extremity. RESULTS Primary union was achieved in all, but one patient of femur and two of tibia. The average period for union was 27.6 weeks for femur and 24.5 weeks for tibia. One femoral nonunion occurred due to the metal failure after using short nail, and two tibial nonunion were caused by the bone loss with open tibial fractures. Most patients showed no limitation in knee motion. According to Karlstrom-Olerud criteria, functional results showed 14 excellent, 3 good and 1 acceptable. The protrusion of nail tip into the knee joint made the acceptable result with moderate limitation of knee motion, but it improved after the removal of nail. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION: Simultaneous retrograde femoral and antegrade tibial nailing with single incision on the knee, with an appropriate technique, can achieve the satisfactory result in the management of the ipsilateral femur and tibia fractures.
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Ipsilateral Femoral Segmental and Tibial Fractures: A Case Report Oog Jin Sohn, Chul Hyun Park, Sang Keun Bae Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(3): 193. CrossRef
PURPOSE To retrospectively review the results of internal bone transport in the management of tibial bone defect using ilizarov fixator. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated 39 cases of tibial bone defect (16 of traumatic bone loss, 23 after treatment of osteomyelitis). The mean age of index procedure was 33.8 years (range, 13~66 years), and all of them had follow-up study for a mean of 3.5 years (range, 1.6~8 years). The mean transported amount was 6.3 cm (range, 2.7~20 cm), and the external fixator was removed after 345 days (range, 120~700 days). The mean external fixation index was 60.3 days/cm (range, 13.1~121.3 days/cm). RESULTS Primary union of distraction and docking site was achieved in all, but two patients had failure in union of docking site. Functional results showed 6 excellent, 19 good, 10 fair, and 4 fair. The patients under age 20 showed better functional outcomes than the others. Among 73 complications (incidence, 1.87 cases/ patient), 27 of major complications with residual sequelae occurred in 20 patients. The residual sequelae were more common in the patients who had the concomitant injuries in the same leg. CONCLUSION Internal bone transport can solve the large amount of tibial bone defect. However, the complications are not uncommon, which might be related to the concomitant injures in the same leg.
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Bone Transport Over the Intramedullary Nail for Defects of Long Bone Jae-Young Roh, Chang-Wug Oh, Jong-Keon Oh, Hee-Soo Kyung, Byung-Chul Park, Woo-Kie Min, Joon-Woo Kim, Chang-Hyun Cho Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2008; 21(1): 37. CrossRef
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis to Prevent or Treat the Deformity after Distraction Osteogenesis Chang-Wug Oh, Byung-Chul Park, Il-Hyung Park, Hee-Soo Kyung, Woo-Kie Min, Seung-Hoon Baek, Seung-Kil Baek The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2007; 42(6): 764. CrossRef
PURPOSE To review the clinical results of eight cases of typeIII coronoid process fractures which were treated operatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight patients with coronoid type III fracture were reviewed retrospectively. All were men with an average age of 33. There were three isolated fractures, two elbow dislocations, two radial head and neck fractures, and one medial collateral ligament rupture. Open reduction and internal fixation through anterior approach with canulated screws was used. The patients were followed up for a mean of 31 months (24 to 60). RESULTS Average active elbow joint motion at the most recent follow up was 105degrees. The average Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 76.9 (50 to 95). There was one excellent result, four good, two fair, and one poor. CONCLUSION Early open reduction and stable internal fixation provided a reliable method for the treatment of type III coronoid process fractures. Any associated ligament injuries to the elbow and fracture comminution were considered as important prognostic factors.
PURPOSE Despite of various treatment methods, proximal tibial fractures are common injuries that may be associated with poor outcomes and high rates of complications. To improve this, percutaneous plating technique was performed in the proximal tibial fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four proximal tibial fractures (AO 41A; 5, AO 41C; 12, AO 42; 7) were treated by percutaneous plating with either or both sides without bone graft. One was open fracture. RESULTS All fractures were healed. The average time for fracture healing was 16.5 weeks (range, 8~24 weeks). Complications included a 1cm shortened case and two mal-alignments; a 6 degree valgus case and 5 degree varus case. There was one case of superficial infection, which healed after plate removal. But, there was no deep infection. Results were evaluated by modified Rasmussen score system, all patients had excellent or good result. CONCLUSION Minimally invasive percutaneous plating technique can provide favorable results in the treatment of proximal tibial fractures.
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Medial Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis in Proximal Tibial Comminuted Fractures Jae-Ang Sim, Kwang-Hui Kim, Yong-Seuk Lee, Sang-Jin Lee, Beom-Koo Lee Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2014; 49(4): 278. CrossRef
Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Stabilization Using a Medial Locking Plate for Proximal Tibial Fractures - Technical Note - Jae Ang Sim, Beom Koo Lee, Kwang Hui Kim, Yong Seuk Lee Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2013; 26(4): 327. CrossRef
Clinical Outcomes of Locking Compression Plate Fixation through Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis in the Treatment of Distal Tibia Fracture Jae-Sung Yoo, Hyun-Woo Park Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2012; 25(2): 117. CrossRef
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis for Proximal Tibial Shaft Fracture Young-Soo Byun, Ki-Chul Park, Hyun-Jong Bong, Chang-Hoon Lee Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(1): 23. CrossRef
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis for the Upper Extremity Fracture Using a Lumbar Spreader - Surgical Technique - Gu-Hee Jung, Chyul-Hyun Cho, Jae-Do Kim Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2011; 24(1): 83. CrossRef
Management of Fractures of Distal Tibia by Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis through an Anterior Approach Gu-Hee Jung, Jae-Do Kim, Jae-Ho Jang, Sung-Keun Heo, Dong-won Lee Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2010; 45(6): 473. CrossRef
The Comparison of Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis and Intramedullary Nailing in the Treatment of the Proximal and Distal Tibia Fracture Joon Soon Kang, Seung Rim Park, Sang Rim Kim, Yong Geun Park, Jae Ho Jung, Sung Wook Choi Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2010; 23(2): 172. CrossRef
Staged Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis of Proximal Tibial Fracture Joon-Woo Kim, Chang-Wug Oh, Jong-Keon Oh, Hee-Soo Kyung, Woo-Kie Min, Byung-Chul Park, Kyung-Hoon Kim, Hee-Joon Kim Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(1): 6. CrossRef
Proximal Tibia Fracture: Plating Ki-Chul Park Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2009; 22(3): 206. CrossRef
PURPOSE This was a retrospective study to evaluate the results of intramedullary nailing in proximal shaft fracture of tibia. We analyzed those results according to AO classification and Poller screw. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-three proximal tibial shaft fractures (32 patients) were followed for more than one year. In AO classification, there were 6 cases of type A, 14 cases of type B, and 13 cases of type C. We used Poller screws in 14 operations. We evaluated translation, angulation and nonunion after surgeries. RESULTS Twenty-eight cases (85%) were united primarily, but nonunions occurred in 5 cases. Malalignment (angulation>5degree or translation>5 mm) was found in 14 cases (42%). In Poller screw used and non-used groups, the malalignment was respectively showed in 2 cases (14%) and 12 cases (63%). According to AO classification, nonunion was found in only type B with 5 cases (36%). CONCLUSION Intramedullary nailing of proximal shaft fracture of tibia showed relatively lower rate of primary union. Especially, when initial fractures have a butterfly fragment, it showed the higher rate of nonunion. Moreover, the malalignment rate was relatively higher, yet it is possible to reduce the rate of malalignment by using Poller screw.
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Open Source-Based Surgical Navigation for Fracture Reduction of Lower Limb Sanghyun Joung, Jaeyeong Park, Chul-Woo Park, Chang-Wug Oh, Il Hyung Park Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A.2014; 38(5): 497. CrossRef
PURPOSE We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes and advantages of minimal invasive plating osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique as a new treatment of distal femoral fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen supracondylar femoral fractures (15 patients) were treated by MIPO technique and evaluated radiologically and functionally after minimal 1 year follow-up (average; 22 months, range; 13~42 months). There were 9 women and 6 men with a mean age of 46 years old (range 35 to 64 years). Seven fractures were extended into knee joints (AO/OTA type C), and 9 were extraarticular (AO/OTA type A). Five cases were open fractures (type I; 2, type II; 3) according to the Gustilo-Anderson classification. After minimal lateral parapatellar incision and accurate reduction of intra-articular fractures, the supracondylar fractures were fixed by percuatneous plating method without exposure of fracture area. Neer scoring was used for functional evaluation of knee. RESULT At a mean of 17 weeks (range 14 to 22), most fractures united without secondary procedures. One case of nonunion had the procedure of bone graft, but there were no other complications including shortening over 1 cm, mal-alignment over 10 degrees, or deep infections. All the cases had good or excellent knee function, and the average range of knee motion was 120.6 degrees. CONCLUSION MIPO technique is a worthwhile method of managing distal femoral fractures with good unions and functional recovery.
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The Comparison of Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis versus Open Plate Fixation in the Treatment of in the Distal Femur Fracture Seong-Jun Ahn, Suk-Woong Kang, Bu-Hwan Kim, Moo-Ho Song, Seong-Ho Yoo, Kwan-Taek Oh Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2013; 26(4): 314. CrossRef
Treatment of Distal Femur Fracture with Minimally Invasive Locking Compression Plate Osteosynthesis Ki-Chul Park, Kyu-Sung Chung, Joon-Ki Moon Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2012; 25(1): 13. CrossRef
Axial Malalignment after Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis in Distal Femur Fractures with Metaphyseal Comminution Jae-Ho Jang, Gu-Hee Jung, Jae-Do Kim, Cheung-Kue Kim Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2011; 46(4): 326. CrossRef
Surgical Treatment of AO Type C Distal Femoral Fractures Using Locking Compression Plate (LCP-DF, Synthes®) Kap-Jung Kim, Sang Ki Lee, Won-Sik Choy, Won-Cho Kwon, Do Hyun Lee Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2010; 23(1): 20. CrossRef
What is an Ideal Treatment? Chang-Wug Oh Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2008; 21(4): 347. CrossRef
PURPOSE Low-intensity, pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has demonstrated a stimulation and acceleration of the normal fracture-repair process in cellular bases as well in animal and human models. In this study, the adjunctive effect of LIPUS and LASER was investigated in established nonunion of the long bones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study group consisted of eight patients to whom conventional bone graft and adjunctive LIPUS and LASER was applied. On the other hand, eight patients in the control group underwent bone graft only. Eleven men and five women were included in this study and the average age of the patients was 41.7 years (range, 19~62 years). Six of the tibias and ten of the femurs met the criteria for established nonunion. The average fracture age, the post-fracture period before the start of LIPUS/LASER treatment, was 502 days. RESULTS Seven of the ten nonunions who were treated by LIPUS and LASER healed completely in an average treatment time of 141 days (range, 101~202 days) and otherwise, in control group, five of the eight nonunions healed completely, in 240 days (range, 183~283 days). CONCLUSION This clinical study showed a positive effect of LIPUS and LASER on the rate of osseous repair, especially accelerated time to initial callus cortical bridging compared to that of conventional treatment.
PURPOSE This is a retrospective study to analyze the results after retrograde intramedullary(IM) nailing in femoral shaft fractures with limited indications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four femoral shaft fractures(21 patients) were operated with unreamed IM nail(Unreamed femoral nail, SynthesR) in a retrograde method and were followed for more than 1 years. There were 16 men and 5 women, and the mean age at index operation was 41 years (range 18-76 years). In Winquist-Hansen classifications, there were 10 of type I, five of type II, three of type III, and six of type IV. All the patients had associated fractures or injuries, and there were eight ipsilateral tibia fractures, five ipsilateral proximal femoral fractures(including neck and trochanter), four ipsilateral pelvic or acetabular fracture, three bilateral femoral fractures, and one ipsilateral knee injury according to the used indications. In radiological study, we evaluated the time for union, non-unions and malunion, and clinical evaluation with Neer 's criteria was done. RESULTS Most fractures(87.5%) were primarily united cases, and the mean time for union was 15.8 weeks(range 12-20 weeks). Three cases of delayed union or nonunion were developed, but a shortening over 1cm or malunion over 10 degrees angular deformity were not found. Evaluating the knee functions, the Neer score was 86.9 in average and all the cases were above satisfactory grade. The average range of knee motion was 120.2 degrees, and the mild knee pain was developed in three cases. CONCLUSION The retrograde IM nailing can be a useful option for femoral shaft fractures with limited indications, including ipsilateral fractures of other areas or multiple fractures.
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Comparison of Operative Methods between Retrograde and Antegrade Nailing for Ipsilateral Femoral Shaft and Neck Fracture Chang-Wug Oh, Jong-Keon Oh, Woo-Kie Min, Shin-Yoon Kim, Seung-Hoon Baek, Byung-Chul Park, Hyung-Soo Ahn, Tae-Gong Kim Journal of the Korean Fracture Society.2007; 20(2): 135. CrossRef
Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing for the Treatment of Ipsilateral Femoral Shaft and Neck Fracture Chang-Wug Oh, Jong-Keon Oh, Shin-Yoon Kim, Ki-Bong Cha, In-Ho Jeon, Byung-Chul Park, Woo-Kie Min, Tae-Gong Kim The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2007; 42(3): 380. CrossRef